Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 3
01 Jan 2016-Vol. 23, pp 289
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Fabrication, Characterization and Applications of Metal Oxide-Doped ZnO Hybrid Nanomaterials, and its applications in Agriculture, Nutraceuticals and Nanoceuticals.
Abstract: Chapters: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications of Metal Oxide-Doped ZnO Hybrid Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials: Classification, Biological Synthesis and Characterization. Synthesis and Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles. Nanoparticles for Agriculture: Synthesis, Classification and Characterization. Copper Nanoparticles in Agriculture: Biological Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity. Nanoparticles to Sense Food Quality. From Nutraceuticals to Nanoceuticals. Selective Removal of Nitrate and Phosphate from Wastewater Using Nanoscale Materials. Light Driven Nanomaterials for Removal of Agricultural Toxins. Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture in India.
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01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the properties of optical dispersion in terms of properties such as: 1.1 Ionicity. 2.2 Specific Heat. 3.4 Microhardness. 4.5 Sound Velocity.
Abstract: Series Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Structural Properties. 1.1 Ionicity. 1.2 Elemental Isotopic Abundance and Molecular Weight. 1.3 Crystal Structure and Space Group. 1.4 Lattice Constant and Its Related Parameters. 1.5 Structural Phase Transition. 1.6 Cleavage Plane. 2 Thermal Properties. 2.1 Melting Point and Its Related Parameters. 2.2 Specific Heat. 2.3 Debye Temperature. 2.4 Thermal Expansion Coefficient. 2.5 Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity. 3 Elastic Properties. 3.1 Elastic Constant. 3.2 Third-Order Elastic Constant. 3.3 Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio and Similar. 3.4 Microhardness. 3.5 Sound Velocity. 4 Lattice Dynamic Properties. 4.1 Phonon Dispersion Relation. 4.2 Phonon Frequency. 4.3 Mode Gruneisen Parameter. 4.4 Phonon Deformation Potential. 5 Collective Effects and Some Response Characteristics. 5.1 Piezoelectric and Electromechanical Constants. 5.2 Frohlich Coupling Constant. 6 Energy-Band Structure: Energy-Band Gaps. 6.1 Basic Properties. 6.2 E0-Gap Region. 6.3 Higher-Lying Direct Gap. 6.4 Lowest Indirect Gap. 6.5 Conduction-Valley Energy Separation. 6.6 Direct-Indirect-Gap Transition Pressure. 7 Energy-Band Structure: Effective Masses. 7.1 Electron Effective Mass: G Valley. 7.2 Electron Effective Mass: Satellite Valley. 7.3 Hole Effective Mass. 8 Deformation Potentials. 8.1 Intravalley Deformation Potential: G Point. 8.2 Intravalley Deformation Potential: High-Symmetry Points. 8.3 Intervalley Deformation Potential. 9 Electron Affinity and Schottky Barrier Height. 9.1 Electron Affinity. 9.2 Schottky Barrier Height. 10 Optical Properties. 10.1 Summary of Optical Dispersion Relations. 10.2 The Reststrahlen Region. 10.3 At or Near The Fundamental Absorption Edge. 10.4 The Interband Transition Region. 10.5 Free-Carrier Absorption and Related Phenomena. 11 Elastooptic, Electrooptic and Nonlinear Optical Properties 11.1 Elastooptic Effect. 11.2 Linear Electrooptic Constant. 11.3 Quadratic Electrooptic Constant. 11.4 Franz-Keldysh Effect. 11.5 Nonlinear Optical Constant. 12 Carrier Transport Properties. 12.1 Low-Field Mobility: Electrons. 12.2 Low-Field Mobility: Holes. 12.3 High-Field Transport: Electrons. 12.4 High-Field Transport: Holes. 12.5 Minority-Carrier Transport: Electrons in p-Type Materials. 12.6 Minority-Carrier Transport: Holes in n-Type Materials. 12.7 Impact Ionization Coefficient. Index.
233 citations
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TL;DR: A review of the application of nanotechnology in agriculture can be found in this paper, where the major points discussed are: (1) Nanomaterials for agriculture and water quality management, which include nanoscale carriers, fabricated xylem vessels, nanolignodynamic metallic particles, photocatalysis, desalination, removal of heavy metals and wireless nanosensors.
Abstract: Due to their small size and unique physico-chemical characteristics, nanomaterials have gained importance in the agri-food sector, notably in preservation and packaging. Future applications will focus on shelf life, food quality, safety, fortification and biosensors for contaminated or spoiled food, irrigating water and drinking water. Different types and shapes of nanomaterials are being used depending upon the needs and nature of the work in agriculture and water quality management. Here we review the application of nanotechnology in agriculture. The major points discussed are: (1) Nanomaterials for agriculture and water quality management. (2) Research interests such as nanoscale carriers, fabricated xylem vessels, nanolignocellulosic materials, clay nanotubes, photocatalysis, bioremediation of resistant pesticides, disinfectants, agricultural wastewater treatment, nanobarcode technology, quantum dots for staining bacteria and nanobiosensors. (3) Nanotechnological applications for agriculture, which includes nanolignodynamic metallic particles, photocatalysis, desalination, removal of heavy metals and wireless nanosensors.
108 citations
Cites background from "Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture..."
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TL;DR: Equivalent circuit analysis indicated that the bulk medium resistance, double layer capacitance, and dielectric capacitance were responsible for causing the impedance change due to the presence of E. coli O157:H7 cells on the surface of IDAM.
Abstract: A microfluidic flow cell with embedded gold interdigitated array microelectrode (IDAM) was developed and integrated with nanoparticle-antibody conjugates into an impedance biosensor to rapidly detect pathogenic bacteria. The flow cell consisting of a detection microchamber and inlet and outlet microchannels was fabricated by bonding an IDAM chip to a Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchannel. The detection microchamber with a dimension of 7 x 0.5 x 0.02 mm and a volume of 60 nl was used to collect bacterial cells in the active layer above the electrode. Magnetic nanoparticle antibody conjugates (MNAC) were prepared by conjugating streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles with biotin-labeled polyclonal goat anti-E. coli antibodies and were used in the separation and concentration of target bacteria. The cells of E. coli O157:H7 inoculated in a food sample were first captured by the MNAC, separated and concentrated by applying a magnetic field, washed, and then suspended in mannitol solution and finally injected through the microfluidic flow cell for impedance measurement. The lowest detection limit of this biosensor for detection of E. coli O157:H7 in pure culture and ground beef samples was 8.4 x 105 and 7.9 x 106 cfu ml-1, respectively, and the total detection time from sampling to measurement was 35 min. Equivalent circuit analysis indicated that the bulk medium resistance, double layer capacitance, and dielectric capacitance were responsible for causing the impedance change due to the presence of E. coli O157:H7 cells on the surface of IDAM. Sample pre-enrichment, electrode surface immobilization, and redox probes were not needed in this impedance biosensor.
52 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of the state-of-the-art nanomaterials for water desalination is presented, which includes direct solar steam generation of highly efficient broadband materials, energy exchange materials including nanoparticles & nano-fluids, energy storage materials including phase change materials and nano-enabled-phase change materials.
Abstract: Solar energy is one of the most powerful sources for many sustainable applications. Recently, efficient water distillation has attracted significant attention. The fresh water productivity depends on how efficiently the system harvests the incoming solar energy and converts it into useful heat. An ideal blackbody is capable of perfectly absorbing all wavelengths. The absorbed incident photons are converted into thermal energy. To approach the maximum solar absorption of a blackbody, efficient nanomaterials were developed with enhanced absorption in ultraviolet (UV)-visible to near infrared (NIR). Nanomaterials with broadband absorption, efficient heat transfer, minimum surface energy loss, and energy storage have recently emerged exhibiting accelerated the evaporation rate. These nano-enabled materials direct attention back towards traditional solar stills for future sustainable water evaporation for clean water production. Herein, novelty of the review includes (1) direct solar steam generation of highly efficient broadband materials, (2) energy exchange materials including nanoparticles & nano-fluids, (3) energy storage materials including phase change materials & nano-enabled-phase change materials and (4) other sensible energy storage materials for desalination. One result was that the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect in plasmonic metals and efficient heat trapping capabilities of carbon materials show high evaporation rates.
28 citations
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TL;DR: A screening-level analysis is used to identify opportunities where engineered nanomaterials can advance the sustainability of crop-based agriculture and presents a holistic, prospective, systems-based approach that promotes emerging alternatives that have net performance and environmental benefits.
Abstract: The globally recognized need to advance more sustainable agriculture and food systems has motivated the emergence of transdisciplinary solutions, which include methodologies that utilize the properties of materials at the nanoscale to address extensive and inefficient resource use. Despite the promising prospects of these nanoscale materials, the potential for large-scale applications directly to the environment and to crops necessitates precautionary measures to avoid unintended consequences. Further, the effects of using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in agricultural practices cascade throughout their life cycle and include effects from upstream-embodied resources and emissions from ENM production as well as their potential downstream environmental implications. Building on decades-long research in ENM synthesis, biological and environmental interactions, fate, transport and transformation, there is the opportunity to inform the sustainable design of nano-enabled agrochemicals. Here we perform a screening-level analysis that considers the system-wide benefits and costs for opportunities in which ENMs can advance the sustainability of crop-based agriculture. These include their on-farm use as (1) soil amendments to offset nitrogen fertilizer inputs, (2) seed coatings to increase germination rates and (3) foliar sprays to enhance yields. In each analysis, the nano-enabled alternatives are compared against the current practice on the basis of performance and embodied energy. In addition to identifying the ENM compositions and application approaches with the greatest potential to sustainably advance crop production, we present a holistic, prospective, systems-based approach that promotes emerging alternatives that have net performance and environmental benefits. A screening-level analysis that considers system-wide benefits and costs is used to identify opportunities where engineered nanomaterials can advance the sustainability of crop-based agriculture.
27 citations
References
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TL;DR: The slow pace of hazardous waste remediation at military installations around the world is causing a serious delay in conversion of many of these facilities to civilian uses as discussed by the authors, which is a serious problem.
Abstract: The civilian, commercial, and defense sectors of most advanced industrialized nations are faced with a tremendous set of environmental problems related to the remediation of hazardous wastes, contaminated groundwaters, and the control of toxic air contaminants. For example, the slow pace of hazardous waste remediation at military installations around the world is causing a serious delay in conversion of many of these facilities to civilian uses. Over the last 10 years problems related to hazardous waste remediation have emerged as a high national and international priority.
16,306 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a family of highly ordered mesoporous (20−300 A) structures have been synthesized by the use of commercially available nonionic alkyl poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) oligomeric surfactants and poly(alkylene oxide) block copolymers in acid media.
Abstract: A family of highly ordered mesoporous (20−300 A) silica structures have been synthesized by the use of commercially available nonionic alkyl poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) oligomeric surfactants and poly(alkylene oxide) block copolymers in acid media. Periodic arrangements of mescoscopically ordered pores with cubic Im3m, cubic Pm3m (or others), 3-d hexagonal (P63/mmc), 2-d hexagonal (p6mm), and lamellar (Lα) symmetries have been prepared. Under acidic conditions at room temperature, the nonionic oligomeric surfactants frequently form cubic or 3-d hexagonal mesoporous silica structures, while the nonionic triblock copolymers tend to form hexagonal (p6mm) mesoporous silica structures. A cubic mesoporous silica structure (SBA-11) with Pm3m diffraction symmetry has been synthesized in the presence of C16H33(OCH2CH2)10OH (C16EO10) surfactant species, while a 3-d hexagonal (P63/mmc) mesoporous silica structure (SBA-12) results when C18EO10 is used. Surfactants with short EO segments tend to form lamellar mesost...
6,021 citations
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TL;DR: A doubling in global food demand projected for the next 50 years poses huge challenges for the sustainability both of food production and of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide to society.
Abstract: A doubling in global food demand projected for the next 50 years poses huge challenges for the sustainability both of food production and of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Agriculturalists are the principal managers of global useable lands and will shape, perhaps irreversibly, the surface of the Earth in the coming decades. New incentives and policies for ensuring the sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services will be crucial if we are to meet the demands of improving yields without compromising environmental integrity or public health.
5,861 citations
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University of Michigan1, College of William & Mary2, McGill University3, Western Washington University4, Arizona State University5, Imperial College London6, University of Minnesota7, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences8, Stanford University9, Centre national de la recherche scientifique10, United States Geological Survey11, University of British Columbia12, Columbia University13
TL;DR: It is argued that human actions are dismantling the Earth’s ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and biological traits at an alarming rate, and the question of how such loss of biological diversity will alter the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide society with the goods and services needed to prosper is asked.
Abstract: The most unique feature of Earth is the existence of life, and the most extraordinary feature of life is its diversity. Approximately 9 million types of plants, animals, protists and fungi inhabit the Earth. So, too, do 7 billion people. Two decades ago, at the first Earth Summit, the vast majority of the world's nations declared that human actions were dismantling the Earth's ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and biological traits at an alarming rate. This observation led to the question of how such loss of biological diversity will alter the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide society with the goods and services needed to prosper.
4,337 citations
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