Journal ArticleDOI
Neurobiological Circuits Regulating Attention, Cognitive Control, Motivation, and Emotion: Disruptions in Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders
Amy F.T. Arnsten,Katya Rubia +1 more
TLDR
The role of prefrontal cortical networks in the behavior and cognitive functions that are compromised in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and how these map into the neuroimaging evidence of circuit abnormalities in these disorders.Abstract:
Objective This article aims to review basic and clinical studies outlining the roles of prefrontal cortical (PFC) networks in the behavior and cognitive functions that are compromised in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and how these map into the neuroimaging evidence of circuit abnormalities in these disorders. Method Studies of animals, normally developing children, and patients with neurodevelopmental disorders were reviewed, with focus on neuroimaging studies. Results The PFC provides "top–down" regulation of attention, inhibition/cognitive control, motivation, and emotion through connections with posterior cortical and subcortical structures. Dorsolateral and inferior PFC regulate attention and cognitive/inhibitory control, whereas orbital and ventromedial structures regulate motivation and affect. PFC circuitries are very sensitive to their neurochemical environment, and small changes in the underlying neurotransmitter systems, e.g. by medications, can produce large effects on mediated function. Neuroimaging studies of children with neurodevelopmental disorders show altered brain structure and function in distinctive circuits respecting this organization. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder show prominent abnormalities in the inferior PFC and its connections to striatal, cerebellar, and parietal regions, whereas children with conduct disorder show alterations in the paralimbic system, comprising ventromedial, lateral orbitofrontal, and superior temporal cortices together with specific underlying limbic regions, regulating motivation and emotion control. Children with major depressive disorder show alterations in ventral orbital and limbic activity, particularly in the left hemisphere, mediating emotions. Finally, children with obsessive-compulsive disorder appear to have a dysregulation in orbito-fronto-striatal inhibitory control pathways, but also deficits in dorsolateral fronto-parietal systems of attention. Conclusions Altogether, there is a good correspondence between anatomical circuitry mediating compromised functions and patterns of brain structure and function changes in children with neuropsychiatric disorders. Medications may optimize the neurochemical environment in PFC and associated circuitries, and improve structure and function.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Meta-analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Inhibition and Attention in Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Exploring Task-Specific, Stimulant Medication, and Age Effects
TL;DR: Patients with ADHD have consistent functional abnormalities in 2 distinct domain-dissociated right hemispheric fronto-basal ganglia networks, including the inferior frontal cortex, supplementary motor area, and anterior cingulate cortex for inhibition and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal, and cerebellar areas for attention.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review
Heledd Hart,Katya Rubia +1 more
TL;DR: The better controlled studies that show a direct correlation between childhood abuse and brain measures suggest that the most prominent deficits associated with early childhood abuse are in the function and structure of lateral and ventromedial fronto-limbic brain areas and networks that mediate behavioral and affect control.
Journal ArticleDOI
Depression, anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment are associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of social stress.
TL;DR: It is suggested that social defeat stress alters ERK1/2, IL-6, GLO1, GSR1, CAMKIV, CREB, and BDNF levels in specific brain areas, leading to oxidative stress-induced anxiety-depression-like behaviors and as well as memory impairment in rats.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neuromodulation of Attention.
TL;DR: Current neuroscientific understanding of how attention affects single neurons and networks of neurons and how neuromodulation shapes these neuron and network properties and thereby enables the appropriate allocation of attention to relevant external or internal events is summarized.
Journal ArticleDOI
Brain circuitry of compulsivity.
Odile A. van den Heuvel,Odile A. van den Heuvel,Odile A. van den Heuvel,Guido van Wingen,Carles Soriano-Mas,Carles Soriano-Mas,Pino Alonso,Pino Alonso,Samuel R. Chamberlain,Takashi Nakamae,Damiaan Denys,Anna E. Goudriaan,Dick J. Veltman +12 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that insight in the neurobiological characteristics of the individual symptom profile and disease course, including the potential targets for neuroplasticity is an unmet need to advance the field.
References
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TL;DR: This material was developed by Duke University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000024.
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The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the PFC plays a crucial role in affective working memory and is most directly involved in the representation of elementary positive and negative emotional states while the dorsolateral PFC may be involved inThe representation of the goal states towards which these elementarypositive and negative states are directed.