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Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica Serotypes and Food Commodities, United States, 1998–2008

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TLDR
The diversity and predominance of food commodities implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis during 1998–2008 were examined to clarify links between Salmonella serotypes and specific foods.
Abstract
Salmonella enterica infections are transmitted not only by animal-derived foods but also by vegetables, fruits, and other plant products. To clarify links between Salmonella serotypes and specific foods, we examined the diversity and predominance of food commodities implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis during 1998-2008. More than 80% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Hadar were attributed to eggs or poultry, whereas >50% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Javiana, Litchfield, Mbandaka, Muenchen, Poona, and Senftenberg were attributed to plant commodities. Serotypes Typhimurium and Newport were associated with a wide variety of food commodities. Knowledge about these associations can help guide outbreak investigations and control measures.

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Microbiological Quality of Fresh Nopal Juice.

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Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Genotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Strains Isolated From the Poultry Production Chain Across Brazil

TL;DR: The findings underscore the potential role of S. Heidelberg as a key pathogen disseminated from farm to fork in Brazil and reinforce the importance of CRISPR-based genotyping for salmonellae and emphasized the need for continuous mitigation programs to monitor the dissemination of this high-priority pathogen.
References
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Book

Inequalities: Theory of Majorization and Its Applications

TL;DR: In this paper, Doubly Stochastic Matrices and Schur-Convex Functions are used to represent matrix functions in the context of matrix factorizations, compounds, direct products and M-matrices.
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Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States—Major Pathogens

TL;DR: Each year, 31 pathogens caused 9.4 million episodes of foodborne illness, resulting in 55,961 hospitalizations and 1,351 deaths in the United States.
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Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks — United States, 2009–2015

TL;DR: Norovirus remains the leading cause of foodborne disease outbreaks, highlighting the continued need for food safety improvements targeting worker health and hygiene in food service settings.
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The growing burden of foodborne outbreaks due to contaminated fresh produce: risks and opportunities.

TL;DR: Outbreak investigations represent important opportunities to evaluate contamination at the farm level and along the farm-to-fork continuum and more research into the biology and ecology of pathogen-produce interactions are needed to identify better prevention strategies.
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