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Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica Serotypes and Food Commodities, United States, 1998–2008

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TLDR
The diversity and predominance of food commodities implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis during 1998–2008 were examined to clarify links between Salmonella serotypes and specific foods.
Abstract
Salmonella enterica infections are transmitted not only by animal-derived foods but also by vegetables, fruits, and other plant products. To clarify links between Salmonella serotypes and specific foods, we examined the diversity and predominance of food commodities implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis during 1998-2008. More than 80% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Hadar were attributed to eggs or poultry, whereas >50% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Javiana, Litchfield, Mbandaka, Muenchen, Poona, and Senftenberg were attributed to plant commodities. Serotypes Typhimurium and Newport were associated with a wide variety of food commodities. Knowledge about these associations can help guide outbreak investigations and control measures.

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TL;DR: It is indicated that MDR isolates could be transmitted from slaughterhouse to its downstream retail markets and three possible routes of Salmonella contamination in retail chicken meat are indicated, including initial presence, cross-contamination from carrier broilers slaughtered on the same day, and contamination from resident flora in slaughterhouse.
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Prevalence, Serovars and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella spp. from Wild and Domestic Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana) in Grenada, West Indies

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Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Genotypes in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Isolates from Poultry Farms in Uganda.

TL;DR: It is shown that a diversity of NTS-clones are present in Ugandan poultry farm settings, while at the same time similar NTS-Clones occur in different farms and areas, hence the need to strengthen strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance at all levels.
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Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica from swine slaughtered in two different types of Philippine abattoir.

TL;DR: It is reported that there is no significant difference (P = 0.42) between the incidences of S. enterica in swine slaughtered in accredited and locally registered abattoirs across Metro Manila and there are no significant differences between the antimicrobial resistance profiles of select isolates.
References
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Book

Inequalities: Theory of Majorization and Its Applications

TL;DR: In this paper, Doubly Stochastic Matrices and Schur-Convex Functions are used to represent matrix functions in the context of matrix factorizations, compounds, direct products and M-matrices.
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Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States—Major Pathogens

TL;DR: Each year, 31 pathogens caused 9.4 million episodes of foodborne illness, resulting in 55,961 hospitalizations and 1,351 deaths in the United States.
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Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks — United States, 2009–2015

TL;DR: Norovirus remains the leading cause of foodborne disease outbreaks, highlighting the continued need for food safety improvements targeting worker health and hygiene in food service settings.
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The growing burden of foodborne outbreaks due to contaminated fresh produce: risks and opportunities.

TL;DR: Outbreak investigations represent important opportunities to evaluate contamination at the farm level and along the farm-to-fork continuum and more research into the biology and ecology of pathogen-produce interactions are needed to identify better prevention strategies.
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