Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of groundwater sources and water-supply systems, and associated microbial pollution, in Finland, Norway and Iceland
Bjørn Kløve,Hanne Margrethe Lund Kvitsand,Tarja Pitkänen,Maria J. Gunnarsdottir,Sylvi Gaut,Sigurdur M. Gardarsson,Pekka M. Rossi,Ilkka T. Miettinen +7 more
TLDR
The characteristics of groundwater systems and groundwater contamination in Finland, Norway and Iceland are presented, as they relate to outbreaks of disease as mentioned in this paper, and recommendations are given for the future, as well as differences among the Nordic countries in the approach to providing safe drinking water from groundwater.Abstract:
The characteristics of groundwater systems and groundwater contamination in Finland, Norway and Iceland are presented, as they relate to outbreaks of disease. Disparities among the Nordic countries in the approach to providing safe drinking water from groundwater are discussed, and recommendations are given for the future. Groundwater recharge is typically high in autumn or winter months or after snowmelt in the coldest regions. Most inland aquifers are unconfined and therefore vulnerable to pollution, but they are often without much anthropogenic influence and the water quality is good. In coastal zones, previously emplaced marine sediments may confine and protect aquifers to some extent. However, the water quality in these aquifers is highly variable, as the coastal regions are also most influenced by agriculture, sea-water intrusion and urban settlements resulting in challenging conditions for water abstraction and supply. Groundwater is typically extracted from Quaternary deposits for small and medium municipalities, from bedrock for single households, and from surface water for the largest cities, except for Iceland, which relies almost entirely on groundwater for public supply. Managed aquifer recharge, with or without prior water treatment, is widely used in Finland to extend present groundwater resources. Especially at small utilities, groundwater is often supplied without treatment. Despite generally good water quality, microbial contamination has occurred, principally by norovirus and Campylobacter, with larger outbreaks resulting from sewage contamination, cross-connections into drinking water supplies, heavy rainfall events, and ingress of polluted surface water to groundwater.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Persistent Norovirus Contamination of Groundwater Supplies in Two Waterborne Outbreaks
TL;DR: In this paper, two waterborne outbreaks related to microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies are described and the long-term persistence of noro-and adenovirus genomes is investigated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Changes in seasonality of groundwater level fluctuations in a temperate-cold climate transition zone
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared intra-annual hydraulic headfluctuations in a temperate-cold-transition zone (Fennoscandia) from two different periods (1980-1989, 2001-2010) by associating rising vs. declining hydraulic heads with hydrometeorology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Climate change, water, and human health research in the Arctic
TL;DR: This article reviewed the nature, range, and extent of literature on drinking water and human health outcomes in the context of climate change in the Circumpolar North and used a systematic process to identify and synthesize articles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Status of small water supplies in the Nordic countries: Characteristics, water quality and challenges.
TL;DR: A baseline analysis of the situation in the Nordic region was carried out to provide recommendations for governmental policy and actions on number of water supplies, population served, compliance with regulations and waterborne disease outbreaks from various sources.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microbial risk assessment in recreational freshwaters from southern Brazil.
Viviane Girardi,Kristina D. Mena,Suelen Marin Albino,Meriane Demoliner,Juliana Schons Gularte,Fernanda Gil de Souza,Caroline Rigotto,Daniela Müller de Quevedo,Vania Elisabete Schneider,Suelen Paesi,Patrick M. Tarwater,Fernando Rosado Spilki +11 more
TL;DR: Results show that commonly used bacterial indicators for water quality may not infer health risks associated with viruses in recreational freshwaters.
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