Journal ArticleDOI
Poly-γ-glutamic acid: production, properties and applications.
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TLDR
Owing to its biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties, it has been used successfully in the food, medical and wastewater industries, and has the potential to be used for protein crystallization, as a soft tissue adhesive and a non-viral vector for safe gene delivery.Abstract:
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made up of repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid or both. γ-PGA can exhibit different properties (conformational states, enantiomeric properties and molecular mass). Owing to its biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties, it has been used successfully in the food, medical and wastewater industries. Amongst other novel applications, it has the potential to be used for protein crystallization, as a soft tissue adhesive and a non-viral vector for safe gene delivery. This review focuses on the production, properties and applications of γ-PGA. Each application of γ-PGA utilizes specific properties attributed to various forms of γ-PGA. As a result of its growing applications, more strains of bacteria need to be investigated for γ-PGA production to obtain high yields of γ-PGA with different properties. Many medical applications (especially drug delivery) have exploited α-PGA. As γ-PGA is essentially different from α-PGA (i.e. it does not involve a chemical modification step and is not susceptible to proteases), it could be better utilized for such medical applications. Optimization of γ-PGA with respect to cost of production, molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties is a major step in making its application practical. Analyses of γ-PGA production and knowledge of the enzymes and genes involved in γ-PGA production will not only help increase productivity whilst reducing the cost of production, but also help to understand the mechanism by which γ-PGA is effective in numerous applications.read more
Citations
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Microbial synthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives.
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The production of poly-(γ-glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications
Ing-Lung Shih,Yi-Tsong Van +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the chemistry and biosynthesis of poly-(gamma-glutamic acid) (Gamma-PGA) produced by various strains of Bacillus are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin
TL;DR: A posttranslational modification consisting of the successive addition of glutamyl units on the gamma-carboxyl group of a glutamate residue (Glu445) could play a role in regulating microtubule dynamics.
Journal Article
Complete Regression of Well-established Tumors Using a Novel Water-soluble Poly(l-Glutamic Acid)-Paclitaxel Conjugate
Chun Li,Dong Fang Yu,Robert A. Newman,Fernando Cabral,L. Clifton Stephens,Nancy Hunter,Luka Milas,Sidney Wallace +7 more
TL;DR: Data suggest that in addition to its role as a carrier for selective delivery of paclitaxel to the tumor, PG-TXL exerts distinct pharmacological actions of its own that may contribute to its remarkable antitumor efficacy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region, which is essential for encapsulation in Bacillus anthracis.
TL;DR: It was found that the capsule of B. anthracis conferred strong resistance to phagocytosis upon the bacterial host, and these three cistrons appeared to be membrane-associated enzymes mediating the polymerization of D-glutamic acid via the membrane.
Journal ArticleDOI
Poly-gamma-glutamate in bacteria
Thomas Candela,Agnès Fouet +1 more
TL;DR: The anchoring of PGA to the bacterial surface is important for virulence and all cap genes are therefore potential targets for inhibitors specifically blocking PGA synthesis or anchorage.
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