Regulation of Enteric Endophytic Bacterial Colonization by Plant Defenses
A. Leonardo Iniguez,Yuemei Dong,Yuemei Dong,Heather D. Carter,Brian M. M. Ahmer,Julie M. Stone,Eric W. Triplett +6 more
TLDR
Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that plant defense response pathways regulate colonization by endophytic bacteria and to suggest approaches to reduce contamination of raw produce by human enteric pathogens and to increase the number of growth-promoting bacteria in plants.Abstract:
Bacterial endophytes reside within the interior of plants without causing disease or forming symbiotic structures. Some endophytes, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae 342 (Kp342), enhance plant growth and nutrition. Others, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), are human pathogens that contaminate raw produce. Several lines of evidence are presented here to support the hypothesis that plant defense response pathways regulate colonization by endophytic bacteria. An ethyleneinsensitive mutant of Medicago truncatula is hypercolonized by Kp342 compared to the parent genotype. Addition of ethylene, a signal molecule for induced systemic resistance in plants, decreased endophytic colonization in Medicago spp. This ethylene-mediated inhibition of endophytic colonization was reversed by addition of the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene. Colonization of Medicago spp. by S. typhimurium also was affected by exogenous ethylene. Mutants lacking flagella or a component of the type III secretion system of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (TTSS-SPI1) colonize the interior of Medicago spp. in higher numbers than the wild type. Arabidopsis defense response-related genotypes indicated that only salicylic acid (SA)-independent defense responses contribute to restricting colonization by Kp342. In contrast, colonization by S. typhimurium is affected by both SA-dependent and -independent responses. S. typhimurium mutants further delineated these responses, suggesting that both flagella and TTSS-SPI1 effectors can be recognized. Flagella act primarily through SA-independent responses (compromising SA accumulation still affected colonization in the absence of flagella). Removal of a TTSS-SPI1 effector resulted in hypercolonization regardless of whether the genotype was affected in either SA-dependent or SA-independent responses. Consistent with these results, S. typhimurium activates the promoter of PR1, a SA-dependent pathogenesisrelated gene, while S. typhimurium mutants lacking the TTSS-SPI1 failed to activate this promoter. These observations suggest approaches to reduce contamination of raw produce by human enteric pathogens and to increase the number of growth-promoting bacteria in plants.read more
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The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms
TL;DR: The main functions of rhizosphere microorganisms and how they impact on health and disease are reviewed and several strategies to redirect or reshape the rhizospheric microbiome in favor of microorganisms that are beneficial to plant growth and health are highlighted.
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Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization
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The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes
Pablo R. Hardoim,Leonard S. van Overbeek,Gabriele Berg,Anna Maria Pirttilä,Stéphane Compant,Andrea Campisano,Matthias Döring,Angela Sessitsch +7 more
TL;DR: This review addresses the concept of endophytism, considering the latest insights into evolution, plant ecosystem functioning, and multipartite interactions.
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Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth.
TL;DR: The modulation of ethylene levels in plants by bacterially produced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase is a key trait that enables interference with the physiology of the host plant, and this mechanism leads to the concept of 'competent' endophytes, defined asendophytes that are equipped with genes important for maintenance of plant-endophyte associations.
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Bacterial Endophytes and Their Interactions with Hosts
TL;DR: Molecular analysis showed that plant defense responses limit bacterial populations inside plants, and delivery of endophytes to the environment or agricultural fields should be carefully evaluated to avoid introducing pathogens.
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