The biomechanics of knuckle-walking: 3-D kinematics of the chimpanzee and macaque wrist, hand, and fingers.
TLDR
The first 3-D kinematic data of the wrist, hand and metacarpophalangeal joints during knuckle-walking in chimpanzees and in macaques using digitigrade and palmigrade hand postures are presented.Abstract:
The origin and evolution of knuckle-walking has long been a key focus in understanding African ape, including human, origins Yet, despite numerous studies documenting morphological characteristics potentially associated with knuckle-walking, little quantitative three-dimensional (3-D) data exist of forelimb motion during knuckle-walking Nor does any comparative 3-D data exist for hand postures used during quadrupedalism in monkeys This lack of data has limited the testability of proposed adaptations for knuckle-walking in African apes This study presents the first 3-D kinematic data of the wrist, hand, and metacarpophalangeal joints during knuckle-walking in chimpanzees and in macaques using digitigrade and palmigrade hand postures These results clarify the unique characteristics of, and commonalities between, knuckle-walking and digitigrady/palmigrady in multiple planes of motion Notably, chimpanzees utilized more wrist ulnar deviation than any macaque hand posture Maximum extension of the chimpanzee wrist was slight (5–20°) and generally overlapped with macaque digitigrady Metacarpophalangeal joint motion displayed distinct differences between digits in both species, likely related to the timing of force application These data also reveal that maximum metacarpophalangeal extension angles during knuckle-walking (26–59°) were generally higher than previously considered In macaques, maximum metacarpophalangeal extension during digitigrady and palmigrady overlapped for most digits, highlighting additional complexity in the interpretation of skeletal features that may be related to limiting metacarpophalangeal motion Most importantly however, these new 3-D data serve as a fundamental dataset with which evaluation of proposed musculoskeletal adaptations for knuckle-walking can be testedread more
Citations
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Cortical and trabecular bone structure of the hominoid capitate.
TL;DR: In this article, the cortical and trabecular structures of the capitate of a knuckle-walking and suspensory hominoid were quantified using a whole-bone methodology.
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Functional signals and covariation in triquetrum and hamate shape of extant primates using 3D geometric morphometrics.
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Comparative anatomy of the ligaments and muscles of the radiocarpal joint in chimpanzees and humans
Josep Maria Potau,Juan Francisco Pastor,Félix Jesús Paz,Mercedes Barbosa,Mónica Gómez,M I De Diego,Aroa Casado +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors analyzed the anatomy of the radiocarpal joint ligaments and muscles in Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens in order to identify similarities and differences between the two species that may be related to differences in hand use and function.
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Trabecular structure of the elbow reveals divergence in knuckle-walking biomechanical strategies of African apes.
TL;DR: The authors quantified variation in the trabecular structure of the distal humerus of gorillas, including western lowland gorillas and mountain gorillas in comparison to orang-utans, siamangs, and a sample of Old and New World monkeys.
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