The New Sunspot Number: Assembling All Corrections
Frédéric Clette,Laure Lefèvre +1 more
TLDR
Based on various diagnostics and corrections established in the framework of several Sunspot Number Workshops and described by Clette et al. as mentioned in this paper, a new standard version of the reference sunspot-number time series was produced to produce a new corrected series and the original sunspot number, including the disappearance of any significant rise in the solar-cycle amplitudes after this recalibration.Abstract:
Based on various diagnostics and corrections established in the framework of several Sunspot Number Workshops and described by Clette et al. (Space Sci. Rev.
186, 35, 2014), we now assembled all separately derived corrections to produce a new standard version of the reference sunspot-number time series. We explain here the three main corrections and the criteria used to choose a final optimal version of each correction factor or function, given the available information and published analyses. We then discuss the differences between the new corrected series and the original sunspot number, including the disappearance of any significant rising secular trend in the solar-cycle amplitudes after this recalibration. We also introduce the new version management scheme now implemented at the World Data Center Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations (WDC-SILSO), which reflects a major conceptual transition: beyond the rescaled numbers, this first revision of the sunspot number also transforms the former static data archive into a living observational series open to future improvements.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The Solar Orbiter mission. Science overview
Daniel Müller,O. C. St. Cyr,I. Zouganelis,Holly Gilbert,Richard G. Marsden,Teresa Nieves-Chinchilla,Ester Antonucci,F. Auchère,David Berghmans,Timothy S. Horbury,Russell A. Howard,Säm Krucker,Milan Maksimovic,Christopher J. Owen,Pierre Rochus,Javier Rodriguez-Pacheco,Marco Romoli,Sami K. Solanki,Sami K. Solanki,Roberto Bruno,Mats Carlsson,Andrzej Fludra,Louise K. Harra,Donald M. Hassler,Stefano Livi,Philippe Louarn,Hardi Peter,Udo Schühle,Luca Teriaca,J. C. del Toro Iniesta,Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber,Eckart Marsch,Marco Velli,A. De Groof,Andrew Walsh,D. J. Williams +35 more
TL;DR: The first mission of ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme and a mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, was launched on 10 February 2020 04:03 UTC from Cape Canaveral and aims to address key questions of solar and heliospheric physics pertaining to how the Sun creates and controls the Heliosphere, and why solar activity changes with time.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Geomagnetic Kp Index and Derived Indices of Geomagnetic Activity
Journal ArticleDOI
Visualization of the challenges and limitations of the long-term sunspot number record
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the current state of research and propose a new way to visualize long-term solar activity data, which can be used to easily assess observational coverage for different periods, as well as the level of disagreement between currently proposed sunspot group number series.
Journal ArticleDOI
A reevaluation of the solar constant based on a 42-year total solar irradiance time series and a reconciliation of spaceborne observations
TL;DR: In this article, a reevaluation of the solar constant is undertaken to take into account the progress in space radiometry that has occurred since the early 2000s, and a proxy model is constructed using daily data of sunspot number, radio flux at 10.7 cm, and MgII index, as predictors for TSI over the 42-year period 1976-2017.
Journal ArticleDOI
Solar total and spectral irradiance reconstruction over the last 9000 years
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided the most up-to-date physics-based reconstruction of the solar total and spectral irradiance (TSI/SSI) over the last nine millennia.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Group Sunspot Numbers: A New Solar Activity Reconstruction
TL;DR: The Group Sunspot Number (GSN) as discussed by the authors is a time series that uses the number of sunspot groups observed, rather than groups and individual sunspots, to construct the time series.
Journal ArticleDOI
Revisiting the Sunspot Number. A 400-Year Perspective on the Solar Cycle
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a global overview of the current understanding of the sunspot number calibration process and present a series of dedicated Sunspot number workshops, including the Sunspot Number Workshops.
Journal ArticleDOI
Revisiting the Sunspot Number
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a global overview of the current understanding of the sunspot number calibration and propose an epochal revision of the Sunspot Number, the first one since Wolf himself, and its reconciliation with the Group Number, a long-awaited modernization that will feed solar cycle research into the 21st century.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reconstruction of the Sunspot Group Number: The Backbone Method
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reconstructed the sunspot-group count by re-assessment of original sources, and the resulting series is a pure solar index and does not rely on input from other proxies, e.g. radionuclides, auroral sightings, or geomagnetic records.
Journal ArticleDOI
From the Wolf number to the International Sunspot Index: 25 years of SIDC
Frédéric Clette,David Berghmans,Petra Vanlommel,Ronald Van der Linden,André Koeckelenbergh,Laurence Wauters +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors retrace the history of the sunspot index from its roots at the Zurich Observatory up to the current multiple indices established and distributed by the Solar Influences Data Analysis Center (SIDC), World Data Center for the International Sunspot Index, which was founded in 1981, exactly 25 years ago.