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The role of plant-associated bacteria in the mobilization and phytoextraction of trace elements in contaminated soils

TLDR
The role of plant-associated bacteria to enhance trace element availability in the rhizosphere is reviewed and the kind of bacteria typically found in association with trace element – tolerating or – accumulating plants are reported and discussed to improve trace element uptake by plants and thus the efficiency and rate of phytoextraction.
Abstract
Phytoextraction makes use of trace element-accumulating plants that concentrate the pollutants in their tissues. Pollutants can be then removed by harvesting plants. The success of phytoextraction depends on trace element availability to the roots and the ability of the plant to intercept, take up, and accumulate trace elements in shoots. Current phytoextraction practises either employ hyperaccumulators or fast-growing high biomass plants; the phytoextraction process may be enhanced by soil amendments that increase trace element availability in the soil. This review will focus on the role of plant-associated bacteria to enhance trace element availability in the rhizosphere. We report on the kind of bacteria typically found in association with trace element – tolerating or – accumulating plants and discuss how they can contribute to improve trace element uptake by plants and thus the efficiency and rate of phytoextraction. This enhanced trace element uptake can be attributed to a microbial modification of the absorptive properties of the roots such as increasing the root length and surface area and numbers of root hairs, or by increasing the plant availability of trace elements in the rhizosphere and the subsequent translocation to shoots via beneficial effects on plant growth, trace element complexation and alleviation of phytotoxicity. An analysis of data from literature shows that effects of bacterial inoculation on phytoextraction efficiency are currently inconsistent. Some key processes in plant–bacteria interactions and colonization by inoculated strains still need to be unravelled more in detail to allow full-scale application of bacteria assisted phytoremediation of trace element contaminated soils.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Compost-assisted phytoremediation of As-polluted soil

TL;DR: In this article, the combined effect of compost and microorganisms from rhizosphere on the tolerance of barley and wheat plants to soil polluted with different concentrations of As for the application on phytoremediation strategies was evaluated.
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Enhancing the effectiveness of zinc, cadmium, and lead phytoextraction in polluted soils by using amendments and microorganisms.

TL;DR: By and large, free ion activity of metals as measured by Baker soil test proved to be the most effective index for predicting Zn, Cd, and Pb content in shoot of mustard, followed by EDTA and DTPA.
Journal ArticleDOI

Elucidating rhizosphere processes by mass spectrometry - A review.

TL;DR: This review critically discusses the work that has been conducted within the last decade in the context of rhizosphere research and elemental or molecular mass spectrometry emphasizing different separation techniques as GC, LC and CE.
Journal ArticleDOI

Ochrobactrum intermedium and saponin assisted phytoremediation of Cd and B[a]P co-contaminated soil by Cd-hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii.

TL;DR: It is suggested that planting S. alfredii with application of B[a]P-16 and saponin would be an effective method for phytoremediation of soil co-contaminated with Cd and PAHs.
Journal ArticleDOI

Comparative genome analysis of the vineyard weed endophyte Pseudomonas viridiflava CDRTc14 showing selective herbicidal activity

TL;DR: Comparison with other related genomes showed several unique genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance in CDRTc14 like genes responsible for heavy metal and herbicide resistance indicating recent adaptation to plant protection measures applied in vineyards.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Microbial heavy-metal resistance

TL;DR: This review describes the workings of known metal-resistance systems in microorganisms and the transport of the 17 most important (heavy metal) elements is compared.

Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements. a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry

TL;DR: Phytochemical studies suggest that hyperaccumulation is closely linked to the mechanism of metal tolerance involved in the successful colonization of metalliferous and otherwise phytotoxic soils.
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Organic acids in the rhizosphere: a critical review

TL;DR: In this article, a review of the role of organic acids in rhizosphere processes is presented, which includes information on organic acid levels in plants (concentrations, compartmentalisation, spatial aspects, synthesis), plant efflux (passive versus active transport, theoretical versus experimental considerations), soil reactions (soil solution concentrations, sorption) and microbial considerations (mineralization).
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Accumulators and excluders ?strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals

TL;DR: In this paper, two basic strategies of plant response are suggested, accumulators and excluders, which do not generally suppress metal uptake but result in internal detoxification, and indicators are seen as a further mode of response where proportional relationships exist between metal levels in the soil, uptake and accumulation in plant parts.
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An efficient microbiological growth medium for screening phosphate solubilizing microorganisms

TL;DR: The results indicated that the criterion for isolation of phosphate solubilizers based on the formation of visible halo/zone on agar plates is not a reliable technique, and soil microbes should be screened in NBRIP broth assay for the identification of the most efficient phosphate soluble inorganic phosphates in liquid medium.
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