The Trapping and Binding of Subtidal Carbonate Sediments by Marine Vegetation in Bimini Lagoon, Bahamas

TLDR: In the shallow water lagoon of Bimini, Bahamas, the following plants are sufficiently abundant to influence sedimentation locally: Mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), marine grass (Thalassia testudinum), macroscopic green algae (Penicillus, Batophora, Halimeda, Rhipocephalus and Udotea) and microscopic red, green and blue-green algae forming surface mats of intertwining filaments as discussed by the authors.

Abstract: In the shallow water lagoon of Bimini, Bahamas, the following plants are sufficiently abundant to influence sedimentation locally.--mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), marine grass (Thalassia testudinum), macroscopic green algae (Penicillus, Batophora, Halimeda, Rhipocephalus and Udotea) and microscopic red, green and blue-green algae forming surface mats of intertwining filaments (Laurencia, Enteromorpha, Lyngbya and (?)Schizothrix). Plants were observed under conditions of natural tidal currents and artificial unidirectional currents produced in an underwater flume and measurements were made of the abilities of the plants to trap and bind the carbonate sediment. The density of plant growth is crucial in the redu tion of current strength at the sediment-water interface. The most effective baffles are Rhizophora roots exposed above the sediment, dense Thalassia blades and Thalassia blades with dense epiphytic algae, Laurencia intricata and Polysiphonia havanensis. All three types can reduce the velocity of water from a speed sufficiently high to transport loose sand grains along the bottom in clear areas (30 cm/sec) to zero at the sediment-water interface in the vegetated areas. The strongest binders of sediment are the roots of Rhizophora and Thalassia. These two hardy plants trap and bind sediment for a sufficient time to produce an accumulation higher than in nearby areas without dense mangroves or grass. Macroscopic green algae growth is not suf iciently dense and the holdfasts too weak to appreciably affect the accumulation of sediment although they provide a degree of stabilization to the substrate. Algal mats trap sediment chiefly by adhesion of grains to the sticky filaments. Their ability to resist erosion by unidirectional currents varies considerably depending on mat type, smoothness of surface and continuity of the cover. The intact areas of dense Enteromorpha mat can withstand currents five times stronger than those that erode loose unbound sand grains. Premature erosion of mats by currents occurs at breaks in the mat surface caused by the burrowing or browsing action of animals. Algal mats were found to be ephemeral features and consequently do not build up thick accumulations of sediment as do dense grass and m ngroves. The thickest accumulations of sediment in the lagoon correlate with deepest bedrock surfaces. The distribution of many plants in the lagoon is directly or indirectly controlled by the depth to bedrock; for example, mangroves on bedrock highs, marine grass in sediment-filled depressions.