Journal ArticleDOI
The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference
TLDR
This work reviews the main mechanisms responsible for increased immune activity in females, which provides a survival advantage in the face of pathogenic insult but can also enhance the susceptibility of females to autoimmunity.Abstract:
In response to various immune challenges, females show better survival than males; the X chromosome has an important role in this immunological advantage. X chromosome-linked diseases are usually restricted to males, who have only one copy of the X chromosome; however, females are more prone to autoimmune diseases, and the X chromosome may be involved in the breakdown of self tolerance. Several hypotheses have been proposed in recent years that support a role for the X chromosome in shaping autoimmune responses. Here, we review the main mechanisms responsible for increased immune activity in females. This provides a survival advantage in the face of pathogenic insult but can also enhance the susceptibility of females to autoimmunity.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Sex differences in immune responses
Sabra L. Klein,Katie L. Flanagan +1 more
TL;DR: It is emphasized that sex is a biological variable that should be considered in immunological studies and contribute to variations in the incidence of autoimmune diseases and malignancies, susceptibility to infectious diseases and responses to vaccines in males and females.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leukocyte migration into inflamed tissues.
Sussan Nourshargh,Ronen Alon +1 more
TL;DR: Current knowledge and open questions regarding the mechanisms involved in the interactions of different effector leukocytes with peripheral vessels in extralymphoid organs are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gender differences in autoimmune disease.
TL;DR: Gender differences in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases are considered, and human data is summarized that outlines the prevalence of common autoimmune diseases specific to adult males and females in countries commonly surveyed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients' sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Fabio Conforti,Laura Pala,Vincenzo Bagnardi,Tommaso De Pas,Marco Martinetti,Giuseppe Viale,Richard D. Gelber,Aron Goldhirsch +7 more
TL;DR: Immune checkpoint inhibitors can improve overall survival for patients with advanced cancers, but the magnitude of benefit is sex-dependent, and future research should guarantee greater inclusion of women in trials and focus on improving the effectiveness of immunotherapies in women.
Journal ArticleDOI
How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination
TL;DR: This review deals with the aging immune system and its interplay with sex steroid hormones and suggests interventions, which distinctively consider the changing level of individual hormones, shall provide potent options in maintaining optimal immune functions.
References
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Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets
TL;DR: In a four-genome analysis of 3' UTRs, approximately 13,000 regulatory relationships were detected above the estimate of false-positive predictions, thereby implicating as miRNA targets more than 5300 human genes, which represented 30% of the gene set.
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The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3.
Craig L. Bennett,Jacinda R. Christie,Fred Ramsdell,Mary E. Brunkow,Polly J. Ferguson,Luke Whitesell,Thaddeus E. Kelly,Frank T. Saulsbury,Phillip F. Chance,Hans D. Ochs +9 more
TL;DR: Genetic evidence is presented that different mutations of the human gene FOXP3, the ortholog of the gene mutated in scurfy mice (Foxp3), causes IPEX syndrome.
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X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
TL;DR: A comprehensive X-inactivation profile of the human X chromosome is presented, representing an estimated 95% of assayable genes in fibroblast-based test systems, and suggests a remarkable and previously unsuspected degree of expression heterogeneity among females.
Journal ArticleDOI
Epidemiology and Estimated Population Burden of Selected Autoimmune Diseases in the United States
TL;DR: After reviewing the medical literature for incidence and prevalence rates of 24 autoimmune diseases, it is concluded that many autoimmune diseases are infrequently studied by epidemiologists and the total burden of disease may be an underestimate.