Tropism of sheep lentiviruses for monocytes: susceptibility to infection and virus gene expression increase during maturation of monocytes to macrophages.
Howard E. Gendelman,Opendra Narayan,Suzanne Kennedy-Stoskopf,Peter G. E. Kennedy,Zahra Ghotbi,Janice E. Clements,Jeff Stanley,Gholam H. Pezeshkpour +7 more
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TLDR
The effect of cell maturation on virus replication under limited control conditions in vitro is investigated by inoculating blood leukocytes with virus and retarding the maturation of monocytes to macrophages during cultivation in serum-free medium.Abstract:
Visna lentiviruses have a natural tropism for cells of the macrophage lineage of sheep and goats, but virus replication in these cells in vivo is restricted so that only small quantities of virus are produced. One restricting factor suggested in previous studies is that virus replication is dependent on the maturity of the cells: the more mature the cell, the less restrictive the replication of the virus. Since monocytes in peripheral blood are precursors of macrophages, we investigated the effect of cell maturation on virus replication under limited control conditions in vitro by inoculating blood leukocytes with virus and retarding the maturation of monocytes to macrophages during cultivation in serum-free medium. Using enzyme markers that identified the cells in their resting monocytic stage (peroxidase) and mature macrophage stage (acid phosphatase) along with quantitative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry with viral reagents to trace the efficiency of virus replication, we correlated virus replication with cell maturation. Only a few monocytes were susceptible to infection, and virus replication did not extend beyond a low level of transcription of viral RNA. In the acid phosphatase-positive, maturing macrophage, susceptibility of the cells to infection was increased and virus replication was greatly amplified to the level of translation of viral polypeptides. However, virus maturation was delayed by 3 days until further cell maturation had occurred. Thus, the entire life cycle of the virus, from its attachment to the target cell to its maturation in the cell, was dependent on the level of maturation/differentiation of the monocytic cell.read more
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Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy.
Scott Koenig,Howard E. Gendelman,Jan M. Orenstein,Mauro C. Dal Canto,Gholam H. Pezeshkpour,Margaret Yungbluth,Frank Janotta,Allen J. Aksamit,Malcolm A. Martin,Anthony S. Fauci +9 more
TL;DR: The identity of an important cell type that supports replication of the AIDS retrovirus in brain tissue was determined in two affected individuals and these cells were mononucleated and multinucleated macrophages that actively synthesized viral RNA and produced progeny virions in the brains of the patients.
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A nuclear localization signal within HIV-1 matrix protein that governs infection of non-dividing cells
Michael Bukrinsky,Sheryl Haggerty,M. P. Dempsey,N. P. Sharova,Alexei A. Adzhubei,L Spitz,Paul Lewis,David S. Goldfarb,Michael Emerman,Mario Stevenson +9 more
TL;DR: HIV-1 mutants containing amino-acid substitutions in this nuclear localization signal integrate and replicate within dividing but not growth-arrested cells, and thus display a phenotype more representative of an onco-retrovirus.
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Pathogenesis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus.
TL;DR: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in 1981, but it has since reached epidemic proportions, with over 38,000 cases reported in the United States alone and a three-year period of decline.
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HIV-1 structural gene expression requires the binding of multiple Rev monomers to the viral RRE: Implications for HIV-1 latency
Michael H. Malim,Bryan R. Cullen +1 more
TL;DR: The observation that Rev function requires the sequential binding of multiple Rev molecules to the RRE provides a biochemical explanation for the observed threshold effect for Rev function in vivo and suggests a molecular model for the high incidence of latent infection by HIV-1.
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Infection of the SCID-hu mouse by HIV-1
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References
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Zanvil A. Cohn,Belinda Benson +1 more
TL;DR: From data, it appears that the conversion of a monocyte-like cell to a mature macrophage is accompanied by the formation of increased numbers of lysosome-like cytoplasmic organelles.
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Slow, persistent replication of lentiviruses: role of tissue macrophages and macrophage precursors in bone marrow
TL;DR: The macrophage precursor cells provide an important missing link in the virus-target-cell circuit and may be the reservoir of latently infected cells which perpetuate lentivirus infections in both animals and humans.
Book
Methods for studying mononuclear phagocytes
TL;DR: Methods for Studying Mononuclear Phagocytes is a practical guide to the study of mononuclear phagocytes that brings together various well-established and useful methods for examining these cells.
Journal ArticleDOI
Slow virus replication: the role of macrophages in the persistence and expression of visna viruses of sheep and goats.
Opendra Narayan,Jerry S. Wolinsky,Janice E. Clements,John D. Strandberg,Diane E. Griffin,Linda C. Cork +5 more
TL;DR: It is shown that macrophages became persistently infected when inoculated in culture and were an invariable source of virus from experimentally and naturally infected animals, with inferences to the well-known phenomenon of restricted virus replication in infected animals and the immunopathological aspects of the diseases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lentiviral Diseases of Sheep and Goats: Chronic Pneumonia Leukoencephalomyelitis and Arthritis
Opendra Narayan,Linda C. Cork +1 more
TL;DR: This review describes the pathogenesis of a slowly progressive disease complex caused by naturally occurring nononcogenic retroviruses in sheep and goats that has adverse effects on indigenous cell populations.