Ultrasonic scattering from cancellous bone: A review
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Three theoretical models (binary mixture, Faran cylinder, and weak scattering) for scattering from cancellous bone have demonstrated some consistency with measurements of backscatter, which is moderately correlated with bone mineral density in human calcaneus in vitro.Abstract:
This paper reviews theory, measurements, and computer simulations of scattering from cancellous bone reported by many laboratories. Three theoretical models (binary mixture, Faran cylinder, and weak scattering) for scattering from cancellous bone have demonstrated some consistency with measurements of backscatter. Backscatter is moderately correlated with bone mineral density in human calcaneus in vitro (r2 = 0.66 - 0.68). Backscatter varies approximately as frequency cubed and trabecular thickness cubed in human calcaneus and femur in vitro. Backscatter from human calcaneus and bovine tibia exhibits substantial anisotropy. So far, backscatter has demonstrated only modest clinical utility. Computer simulation models have helped to elucidate mechanisms underlying scattering from cancellous bones.read more
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Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements.
TL;DR: The results suggest that when considered mechanically, cortical and trabecular bone are not the same material.
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Ultrasonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study.
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TL;DR: Ultrasonographic measurements of the os calcis predict the risk of hip fracture in elderly women living at home as well as DPXA of the hip does, and the combination of both methods makes possible the identification of women at very high or very low risk of fracture.
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Sound Scattering by Solid Cylinders and Spheres
Abstract: The theory of the scattering of plane waves of sound by isotropic circular cylinders and spheres is extended to take into account the shear waves which can exist (in addition to compressional waves) in scatterers of solid material. The results can be expressed in terms of scattering functions already tabulated. Scattering patterns computed on the basis of the theory are shown to be in good agreement with experimental measurements of the distribution‐in‐angle of sound scattered in water by metal cylinders. Rapid changes with frequency in the distribution‐in‐angle of the scattered sound and in the total scattered energy are found to occur near frequencies of normal modes of free vibration of the scattering body.
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Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation Predicts Fractures Strongly and Independently of Densitometry in Older Women: A Prospective Study
Douglas C. Bauer,Claus C. Glüer,Jane A. Cauley,Thomas M. Vogt,Kristine E. Ensrud,Harry K. Genant,Dennis M. Black +6 more
TL;DR: Broadband ultrasound attenuation predicts the occurrence of fractures in older women and is a useful diagnostic test for osteoporosis, similar to that observed with bone mineral density.
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The measurement of broadband ultrasonic attenuation in cancellous bone.
TL;DR: The frequency dependence of ultrasonic attenuation in the range 0.2–1 MHz in in vitro samples of bovine cancellous bone and in vivo os calcis heel bones indicates that the technique allows determination of bone loss and the study of the onset and progress of osteoporosis.