Viscosity effect on GaInSn studied by XPS

TLDR: In this article, a home-built device for low (9%) and high (95%) relative humidity for shorter (450 min) and longer (1800 min) time periods was used to measure the viscosity of GaInSn alloys.

Abstract: Viscosity measurements of GaInSn eutectic alloys were performed in a homebuilt device for low (9%) and high (95%) relative humidity for shorter (450 min) and longer (1800 min) time periods. At constant exposure time a characteristic increase of viscosity is observed with increasing humidity. For high humidity, high viscosity is obtained after a short time. Assuming that the measured viscosity change is strongly related to the absorption of oxygen, XPS was applied to the chemical and quantitative analysis of differently prepared samples. In all cases, Ga is predominantly oxidized at the surface whereas Ga atoms in the metallic state are located deeper inside. Besides Ga 2 O 3 (the most stable oxide phase), the less stable Ga 2 O is detected. Indium and tin are almost stable in their metallic state. With increasing humidity the thickness of the oxide film increases in our case from about 19 A to 25 A, assuming a layer-by-layer model. The presented results confirm our assumption of the increase in viscosity of the GaInSn system as a consequence of the preferential oxidation of gallium in the near-surface region.