Journal ArticleDOI
Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa’s protected areas
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It is shown that conflict frequency predicts the occurrence and severity of population declines among wild large herbivores in African protected areas from 1946 to 2010, and that sustained conservation activity in conflict zones—and rapid interventions following ceasefires—may help to save many at-risk populations and species.Abstract:
Assessment of the impact of armed conflict on large herbivores in Africa between 1946 and 2010 reveals that high conflict frequency is an important predictor of wildlife population declines. The effect of armed conflict on wildlife populations is debated. Joshua Daskin and Robert Pringle assess the impact of armed conflict on 253 populations of large herbivores in protected areas across Africa, using data collected between 1946 and 2010. Armed conflict affected more than 70% of the studied areas over this period, with population growth rates decreasing with increased conflict frequency—the single most important predictor of wildlife population trends. The researchers suggest that sustained conservation efforts in conflict zones and rapid interventions following ceasefires could help to safeguard many at-risk populations and species. Large-mammal populations are ecological linchpins1, and their worldwide decline2 and extinction3 disrupts many ecosystem functions and services4. Reversal of this trend will require an understanding of the determinants of population decline, to enable more accurate predictions of when and where collapses will occur and to guide the development of effective conservation and restoration policies2,5. Many correlates of large-mammal declines are known, including low reproductive rates, overhunting, and habitat destruction2,6,7. However, persistent uncertainty about the effects of one widespread factor—armed conflict—complicates conservation-planning and priority-setting efforts5,8. Case studies have revealed that conflict can have either positive or negative local impacts on wildlife8,9,10, but the direction and magnitude of its net effect over large spatiotemporal scales have not previously been quantified5. Here we show that conflict frequency predicts the occurrence and severity of population declines among wild large herbivores in African protected areas from 1946 to 2010. Conflict was extensive during this period, occurring in 71% of protected areas, and conflict frequency was the single most important predictor of wildlife population trends among the variables that we analysed. Population trajectories were stable in peacetime, fell significantly below replacement with only slight increases in conflict frequency (one conflict-year per two-to-five decades), and were almost invariably negative in high-conflict sites, both in the full 65-year dataset and in an analysis restricted to recent decades (1989–2010). Yet total population collapse was infrequent, indicating that war-torn faunas can often recover. Human population density was also correlated (positively) with wildlife population trajectories in recent years; however, we found no significant effect, in either timespan, of species body mass, protected-area size, conflict intensity (human fatalities), drought frequency, presence of extractable mineral resources, or various metrics of development and governance. Our results suggest that sustained conservation activity in conflict zones—and rapid interventions following ceasefires—may help to save many at-risk populations and species.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems
Jos Barlow,Filipe França,Filipe França,Toby A. Gardner,Christina C. Hicks,Gareth D. Lennox,Erika Berenguer,Erika Berenguer,Leandro Castello,Evan P. Economo,Joice Ferreira,Benoit Guénard,Cecília Gontijo Leal,Victoria J. Isaac,Alexander C. Lees,Catherine L. Parr,Catherine L. Parr,Catherine L. Parr,Shaun K. Wilson,Paul Young,Nicholas A. J. Graham +20 more
TL;DR: The immense biodiversity of tropical ecosystems is threatened by multiple interacting local and global stressors that can only be addressed by the concerted efforts of grassroots organizations, researchers, national governments and the international community.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rapid warming is associated with population decline among terrestrial birds and mammals globally.
TL;DR: It is found that declines in population abundance for both birds and mammals are greater in areas where mean temperature has increased more rapidly, and that this effect is more pronounced for birds, while a strong effect of conversion to anthropogenic land use, body mass, or protected area coverage is found.
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Global change biology: A primer
TL;DR: This review identifies ten anthropogenic global change drivers and discusses how six of the drivers impact Earth's biodiversity and identifies GCB as the main academic journal addressing global change effects on living systems well-positioned to provide leadership in solving the global change challenge.
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Global targets that reveal the social-ecological interdependencies of sustainable development
TL;DR: A social–ecological systems framework is used to make recommendations for global targets that capture the interdependencies of biodiversity, ecosystem services and sustainable development to inform the Convention on Biological Diversity post-2020 process and the future of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.
Journal ArticleDOI
The megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning.
Brian J. Enquist,Brian J. Enquist,Andrew J. Abraham,Mike Harfoot,Yadvinder Malhi,Christopher E. Doughty +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend metabolic scaling theory and use global simulation models to demonstrate that megabiota are more prone to extinction due to human land use, hunting, and climate change.
References
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