Showing papers on "Adaptation (computer science) published in 1991"

Interfirm Adaptation in Business Relationships

Abstract: On the basis of social exchange theory and the resource-dependence model, a structural model of interfirm adaptation is formulated. The model accounts for mutual adaptation as a consequence of trus ...

Interactive systems: bridging the gaps between developers and users

Abstract: Three development contexts are examined to provide a framework for understanding interactive software development projects. These contexts are the competitively bid, commercial product, and in-house/custom contexts development. Factors influencing interactive systems development are examined. Specific strategies to cope with the gaps between developers and prospective users are explored at the general level of the three development paradigms. >

The role of critiquing in cooperative problem solving

Abstract: Cooperative problem-solving systems help users design solutions themselves as opposed to having solutions designed for them, Critiquing—presenting a reasoned opinion about a user’s product or action–is a major activity of a cooperative problem-solving system. Critics make the constructed artifact “talk back” to the user. Conditions under which critics are more appropriate than autonomous expert systems are discussed. Critics should be embedded in integrated design environments along with other components, such as an argumentative hypertext system, a specification component, and a catalog. Critics support learning as a by-product of problem solving. The major subprocesses of critiquing are goal acquisition, product analysis, critiquing strategies, adaptation capability, explanation and argumentation, and advisory capability. The generality of the critiquing approach is demonstrated by discussing critiquing systems developed in our group and elsewhere. Limitations of many current critics include their inability to learn about specific user goals and their intervention strategies.

Graphical user interface with fisheye adaptation principle

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for carrying out a variable dialog with technical equipment that has a display and an input, such as a television screen with a touch keyboard. According to the invention, the dialog is to be carried out by means of the fisheye principle, in which, by means of one or more multi-stage input elements, the extent or scope of the functions that are shown and accessible in parallel, by means of a threshold value indicator, is adjustable by means of an input operation.

Dynamic adaptation of hypertext structure

Abstract: A technique is described for adapting the apparent structure of a hypertext to the behavior and preferences exhibited by its users while browsing. Examples are given an implementation of this technique using the timing mechanism in Trellis. In the technique, event durations in a document are altered without actually changing the links in the underlying Petri net. The two extrema of instantaneous events and infinite delays can be used to create apparent node and link deletions and additions, as well as to insert new tokens (loci of activity) into a document. Adaptation of these times is accomplished using a simple data state in which the event timings (and other document properties) are variables, called attributes. As a reader traverses hypertext links, author-supplied aulzptation agents are invoked to collect information and possibly change the values of the attributes. Agents encapsulate and effect the criteria for deciding when, and specifically how, a structure should be adapted. Several practical examples illustrate the conclusion of this repofi sophisticated alterations do not require a complicated adaptation mechanism, that changing document constants into document variables provides flexibility to this mechanism, and that using a limited simple mechanism is the only hope for retaining analysis of the static and dynamic net properties.

The roles of adaptation in case-based design

Abstract: Many design tasks have search spaces that are vague and evaluation criteria that are subjective. We present a model of design that can solve such problems using a method of plausible design adaptation. In our approach, adaptation transformations are used to modify the components and structure of a design and constraints on the design problem. This adaptation process plays multiple roles in design: 1) It is used as part of case-based reasoning to modify previous design cases. 2) It accommodates constraints that arrive late in the design process by adapting previous decisions rather than by retracting them. 3) It resolves impasses in the design process by weakening preference constraints. This model of design has been implemented in a computer program called JULIA that designs the presentation and menu of a meal to satisfy multiple, interacting constraints.

Developing creative hypotheses by adapting explanations

Abstract: The ability to develop explanations of new, unexpected experiences is a hallmark of human intelligence. The principal question in designing a computer program that builds explanations is how to bring the system's knowledge to bear on a problem so that it can efficiently infer the unseen causes of observed events. Adaptation-based explanation--an extension of the schema-driven theory of understanding--is a method by which a system can produce creative variations on its schemas in response to experiences that do not quite fit any of the schemas the system already has. An adaptation-based explainer understands a new experience by retrieving the most appropriate explanation in memory and then, if necessary, adapting it to produce a variation that better fits the new anomaly. Such a system improves with experience, as its case library grows, it becomes more likely to contain a case that can be directly applied to a new experience without any adaptation. This thesis describes a library of twenty-one adaptation strategies. Each strategy addresses a particular class of problem that can occur when applying an old explanation to a new situation. When such a problem is detected, the adapter selects the most appropriate adaptation strategy and runs it. Each strategy is a domain-independent routine which encodes an algorithm for using specific domain knowledge, contained in a semantic memory, to modify the failed explanation, producing a new explanation that is more appropriate. Several issues associated with adaptation-based explanation are addressed, such as the categories of adaptation strategies, the method for deciding which adaptation strategy to try to in any given situation, and the ways that the strategies make the necessary changes to the explanation patterns that they process. A computer program which implements parts of the theory is discussed.

Learning in intelligent information retrieval

Abstract: Information retrieval (IR) systems are used for finding, within a large text database, those documents containing information needed by a user. The complex and poorly understood semantics of documents and user queries has made feedback and adaptation important characteristics of IR systems. In this paper we briefly survey previous research on machine learning in IR systems and discuss promising areas for future research at the intersection of these two fields.

An approach to integrating and creating flexible software environments supporting the design of complex systems

Abstract: In research on VEHICLES, a conceptual design environment for space systems, an approach is being developed for flexibility and integration based on the collection and then processing of explicit qualitative descriptions of all the software resources in the environment. The detailed descriptions (or metaknowledge) of the resources are used by the system to help partially automate the combination, selection, and adaptation of tools and models to the particular requirements of the user and the type of problem being solved. The author examines the types of flexibilities and integrative processes necessary to a design environment, especially the services available in an environment to help the user select, integrate, adapt, and explain the software resources in that environment (intelligent user support functions); the author's approach to providing these services by the processing of explicit descriptions of the software resources (wrapping); and VSIM, a simulation built to study the nature of the wrappings, wrapping processors, and different software architectures. >

CABOT: an adaptive approach to case-based search

Abstract: This paper describes CABOT, a case-based system that is able to adjust its retrieval and adaptation metrics, in addition to storing cases. It has been applied to the game of OTHELLO. Experiments show that CABOT saves about half as many cases as similar systems that do not adjust their retrieval and adaptation mechanisms. It also consistently beats these systems. These results suggest that existing case-based systems could save fewer cases without reducing their current levels of performance. They also demonstrate that it is beneficial to distinguish failures due to missing information, faulty retrieval, and faulty adaptation.

Ergonomic study of automatic teller machine operability

Abstract: In recent years, the most favorable interaction between information systems and people has drawn deep interest. An experimental study was conducted on the adaptation of computer‐based communication to people at the automatic teller machines (ATMs) that are used by the general public. Forty‐two subjects (24 young people, 6 housewives, and 12 elderly people) operated an automatic teller machine in the experiments.

Human values and the future of technology: a declaration of responsibility

Abstract: "We must learn to balance the material wonders of technology with the spiritual demands of our human nature."---John Naisbitt (1982).We can make a difference in shaping the future by ensurin g that computers "serve human needs (Mumford, 1934)." By making explicit the enduring values that we hold dear we can guide computer system designers and developers for the next decade, century, and thereafter. After setting our high-level goals we can pursue the components and seek the process for fulfilling them.High-level goals might include peace, excellent health care, adequate nutrition, accessible education, communication, freedom of expression, support for creative exploration, safety, and socially constructive entertainment. Computer technology can help attain these high-level goals if we clearly state measurable objectives, obtain participation of professionals, and design effective human-computer interfaces. Design considerations include adequate attention to individual differences among users, support of social and organizational structures, design for reliability and safety, provision of access by the elderly, handicapped, or illiterate, and appropriate user controlled adaptation. With suitable theories and empirical research we can achieve ease of learning, rapid performance, low error rates, and good retention over time, while preserving high subjective satisfaction.To raise the consciousness of designers and achieve these goals, we must generate an international debate, stimulate discussions within organizations, and interact with other intellectual communities. This paper calls for a focus on the "you" and "I" in developing improved user interface (UI) research and systems, offers a Declaration of Responsibility, and proposes a Social Impact Statement for major computing projects.

Where is the intelligence in intelligent control

Abstract: The development of control systems with significantly increased capability by combining methodologies from feedback control and artificial intelligence is addressed. The discussion covers control system design, online systems, adaptation and learning, simple process controllers, and hardware components based on recent developments in neural networks. >

VSearch Color: Full-color visual search experiments on the Macintosh II

Abstract: We describe an update to our visual search software for the Macintosh line of computers. The new software, VSearch Color, gives users access to the full-color capabilites of the Macintosh II line. One of the key features of the new software is its ability to treat graphics information separately from color information. This makes it easy to study color independently of form, to design experiments based on isoluminant stimuli, and to incorporate texture segregation, visual identification, number discrimination, adaptation, masking, and spatial cuing into the basic visual search paradigm.

Neural and Intelligent Systems Integration: Fifth and Sixth Generation Integrated Reasoning Information Systems

Abstract: From the Publisher: Combines new techniques of software automation, system adaptation, module selection, self-organization and automated discovery. Presents results from the IRIS Group--findings from American, European, Korean and Japanese projects on this emerging discipline. Explores methods of combining well-defined intelligent modules for integration into intelligent systems. Modules include intelligent algorithms and programs, neural networks and computing elements, fuzzy data comparators and correlators, spare distributed memories, expert systems, intelligent databases, associative and parallel processing units, and data acquisition, control and robot units.

More than meets the eye.

Abstract: ©2017 Steelscape, LLC All rights reserved. SPSXXX 0217 Light Reflectance Value Light Reflectance Value, or LRV, measures the amount of visible or usable light that reflects from a surface. LRV is expressed as a percentage from 0 to 100; the higher the number the more visible light that is reflected. Typically, lighter colors will have a higher value than dark colors, but texture can impact LRV as well. Rough textures tend to reflect less visible light. Gloss and sheen are two other terms used to describe visible reflection of a surface. Gloss is the measurement of visible light at a 60° angle from the surface, while sheen is measured at 85°. High gloss/sheen results in high glare or shine from a surface, while low gloss/sheen surfaces have a flat or matte appearance. Glare, often a concern with pre-painted roofs, is controlled by lowering the sheen value.

Integrated Thematic Instruction : A Descriptive Case Study of its Adaptation and Implementation

Abstract: INTEGRATED THEMATIC INSTRUCTION: A DESCRIPTIVE CASE STUDY OF ITS ADAPTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

Intelligent adaptive control of mode-switch processes

Abstract: The intelligence of controllers has increased over the decades. However, the number of applications of adaptive controllers is still restricted, due to practical limits of the implemented continuous adaptation. For processes which operate only in a limited number of modes (so called mode-switch processes), constant adaptation is not needed or desired. In this paper an intelligent extension of adaptive control will be presented, in which process behaviour can be stored in a memory, retrieved from it and evaluated for each mode of operation. This intelligent memory concept leads to an adaptive control structure which, after a learning phase, quickly adjusts the controller parameters based on retrieval of old information, without the need to relearn every time. This approach has been tested on a simulation model of an assembly robot, but it is directly applicable to many processes in the (petro)chemical industry.

Modeling adaptation in the next generation: A developmental perspective

Abstract: Optimization models have often been useful in attempting to understand the adaptive significance of behavioral traits. Originally such models were applied to isolated aspects of behavior, such as foraging, mating, or parental behavior. In reality, organisms live in complex, ever-changing environments, and are simultaneously concerned with many behavioral choices and their consequences. This target article describes a dynamic modeling technique that can be used to analyze behavior in a unified way. The technique has been widely used in behavioral studies of insects, fish, birds, mammals, and other organisms. The models use biologically meaningful parameters and variables, and lead to testable predictions. Limitations arise because nature's complexity always exceeds our modeling capacity. Keywords; adaptation; behavioral ecology; control theory; dynamic programming; economic models; evolution; fitness; game theory; optimization

Adaptation and learning for hierarchical intelligent control

Abstract: The authors discuss a novel strategy for hierarchical intelligent control. They propose this strategy for a neural-network-based controller to be generalized with the higher level control based on artificial intelligence and to acquire knowledge heuristically. This system comprises two levels: a learning level and an adaptation level. The neural networks are used for both levels. The learning level has a hierarchical structure for recognition and planning, and is used for the strategy of robotic manipulation in conjunction with the knowledge base in order to expand the adaptive range. The recent information from the adaptation level updates the learning level through a long-term learning process. On the other hand, the adaptation is used for the adjustment of the control law to the current status of the dynamic process. >

Is Helping Behavior a Consequence of Natural Selection

Abstract: In contemporary evolutionary biology there are a number of paradoxes that require special explanation. This is because, at least superficially, they contradict our perception of what is reasonable or possible. In recent years problems such as the evolution of altruism, the possibility of neutral genes, and the evolution of sex have been generally regarded as examples of such paradoxes. In the area of behavioral ecology, the existence of helping behavior, in which subadult or adult individuals spend considerable time feeding young other than their own, is also considered paradoxical. The problem is regarded as being resolved by the claim that there must be benefits that are not immediately obvious but that outweigh the energetic costs of feeding young. Indeed, this must be the case; otherwise the behavior could not have evolved, according to the above perspective. A set of functionalist arguments has been developed in which the paradox is resolved by the suggestion that these benefits involve improved breeding experience or an increased chance of helpers' obtaining future reproductive status and so forth. Through such explanations for particular species, the paradox is resolved in each instance and is, finally, no paradox at all. Recently, Jamieson (1989) put forward what he described as an alternative explanation for the evolution of helping behavior, which he termed the \"unselected hypothesis.\" He claimed that helping was not directly selected for but arose as an \"effect\" of natural selection for communal breeding and the provisioning of young. In Sober's (1984) terminology, the \"property\" that was selected \"for\" was communal breeding and provisioning, while helping behavior was simply the \"object of selection.\" Jamieson cautioned us, as did Williams (1966) more than two decades ago, that adaptation is an onerous concept that should only be used when there is specific evidence for it. He suggested that the null hypothesis should be that selection is not involved in the evolution of helping behavior (he claims that it is involved indirectly through direct selection for provisioning in parents) and that we first need to reject that null hypothesis before suggesting any alternative. The hypothetico-deductive method then allows us to obtain a \"better explanation.\" Jamieson argued that his \"unselected\" hypothesis represents a clear alternative to the \"adaptationist\" one. He claimed, \"The two approaches to the evolution

The Role Of Cooperation in Multi-Agent Learning

Abstract: We are currently investigating the problem of dynamic adaptation in systems consisting of multiple intelligent agents. An essential characteristic of these systems is that the salient knowledge for learning is distributed amongst the agents. As in human communities, effective learning therefore requires cooperation amongst the constituent members. In this paper we detail the role of cooperation in such learning systems and the problems introduced by it. These ideas have been used in MALE (Multi-Agent Learning Environment) from which an illustrative example is shown.