Showing papers on "Ammonium hydroxide published in 2001"

Method of preparing of nanometer electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Abstract: The present invention relates a method for preparing nanometer electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, comprising the steps of: 1) adding in water a platinum halogen compound or a mixture of a platinum halogen compound and a ruthenium halogen compound, and active carbon, the amount of noble metal in the solution is 0.5-10 g/L, and the amount of active carbon is 0.05-2 g/L; 2) adjusting the pH of the solution to 2.5-10.5 with potassium hydroxide and/or ammonium hydroxide; 3) adding dropwise a reducing agent to an amount of 2.5 to 5 times in excess of that of the noble metal in moles, and allowing the reduction reaction to proceed; 4) filtering off the liquid and washing the remains; and 6) drying the remains. The catalysts prepared by the present invention have uniform particle sizes in the range of 4±0.5 nm, and superior electrochemical properties.

Water soluble package and liquid contents thereof

Abstract: A water soluble package formed from a copolymeric polyvinyl alcohol film, wherein the comonomer comprises a carboxylate function, the package containing a substantially non-aqueous liquid composition which comprises: at least one ionic ingredient with an exchangeable hydrogen ion; and a molar excess (with respect to the amount of exchangeable hydrogen ions in the at least one ionic ingredient) of a stabilizing compound effective for combining with the exchangeable hydrogen ions to hinder the formation of lactones within the film, but can be as low as 95 mole % if the stabilizing compound comprises an inorganic base and/or ammonium hydroxide.

Ab initio simulation of ammonia monohydrate (NH 3 ⋅H 2 O) and ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH)

Abstract: Ab initio pseudopotential plane-wave calculations on the ambient pressure monohydrate of ammonia were carried out. Significant differences in the pressure dependence of covalent O-H and N-H bond lengths from ice VIII and solid ammonia were observed. Simulated structure spontaneously transforms to an ionic solid (NH4OH) at ∼5 GPa. It was found that the enthalpy difference between AMH I, and ammonium hydroxide at zero Kelvin is ∼15 KJ mol-1.

Preparation and use of a mesoporous silicate material for the removal of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) from aqueous solution

Abstract: A cubic mesoporous silicate (CMS) was prepared, characterised, and assessed as an adsorbent for tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) from aqueous solution. The adsorption process was studied as a function of temperature and time. Sorption closely followed the Langmuir model. The adsorption of TMAH on CMS was endothermic and kinetic studies suggest that the overall rate of adsorption was pseudo-second-order. Pore diffusion effects contribute to limiting the overall rate of adsorption while at lower initial TMAH concentrations, film diffusion becomes more important. Desorption studies were carried out using water and methanol. Methanol was the superior desorbing agent. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry

Method for reducing the naphthenic acid content of crude oil and its fractions

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for reducing naphthenic acid content of crude oils and its fractions in the presence of an aqueous base selected from Group IA and IIA hydroxides and ammonium hydroxide and mixtures thereof, a phase transfer agent at a temperature and pressure effective to produce a treated petroleum feed having a decreased naphthenic acid content and an aqueous phase containing naphthenate salts, phase transfer agent and base.

Radiation activation of cotton-cellulose prior to alkali treatment

Abstract: The effect of alkali treatment on preirradiated cotton-cellulose was investigated using diffuse reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of two kinds of alkali solutions (NaOH and TMAH, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide) on the crystalline structure of irradiated cotton-cellulose was compared. The transformation of cellulose I to cellulose II was observed applying DRIFT technique by the increase of the absorbance at 896 cm-1 and XRD. The results obtained by the two methods were in good correlation. An increase in carbonyl content (as detected by FTIR by measuring the absorbance at 1740 cm-1) was found in the samples due to oxidative degradation.

Electroless silver plating

Abstract: This invention relates to electroless plating of silver onto a substrate, an aqueous silver plating bath, a process for plating a uniform coating of silver onto various substrates using an electroless plating composition, and a silver plated article formed therefrom. The plating bath neither contains nor generates toxic or flammable substances or substances thay may contaminate the silver coating. By avoiding strong complexing agents, virtually pure silver may be precipitated from the bath by simple boiling. Silver electroless autocatalytic plating bath consists of silver nitrate, ammonium hydroxide and hydrazine hydrate.

Deactivation of the pulmonary surfactant dynamics by toxic aerosols and gases.

Abstract: Interactions between selected toxic aerosols and gases occurring in the air at the workplace and the pulmonary surfactant (PS) have been studied with two physicochemical techniques in vitro. The Pulsating Bubble Surfactometer (PBS) and the Langmuir-Wilhelmy Balance (LWB) have been used for measurements of dynamic interfacial properties of the PS material after its contact with several gases (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, ammonia) and liquids (sulfuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids and ammonium hydroxide), which can be brought into the alveoli with the inhaled air. Surface tension–area relationships for the interface oscillations have been analyzed using qualitative criteria of normalized hysteresis area (HAN) and minimum surface tension (σmin). It was demonstrated that, for each analyzed compound, inactivation of the surfactant occurs, but the critical concentrations and doses are compound specific, which suggests the toxic potential of the investigated substances with respect to PS. Possible m...

Physical-chemical treatment of lignin containing biomass

Abstract: A method for increasing the digestibility of cellulose in biomass and for producing fermentation feedstocks and animal feeds from biomass is disclosed. The methood comprises adding a basic material to biomass, and feeding the basic material and the biomass through an extruder. The biomass may be selected from agricultural byproducts such as bagasse, corn stover, straw, and hulls. The basic material may be selected from calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, urea, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, hydrated lime, soidum hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide. Preferably, the basic material is added to the biomass in a dry form, and most preferably includes urea. Also disclosed is an animal feed formed by adding a basic material and molasses to biomass, and an animal feed produced from biomass by mixing a portion of acid treated biomass with a portion of base treated biomass.

Composition of cyclic olefin addition copolymer and cross-linked material

Abstract: A composition comprising a cyclic olefin addition copolymer containing recurring units of the following formulas (1) and (2), and at least one compound selected from (A) a compound acting as an acid when heated to 50° C. or higher, (B) a metal compound of an alkoxy compound, aryloxy compound, carboxyl compound, β-diketone compound, halogen compound, or oxide, (C) an organic carboxylic acid, organic phosphoric acid, organic sulfonic acid, ammonia, primary to tertiary amine compound, or quaternary ammonium hydroxide compound. The composition exhibits excellent optical transparency, solvent resistance, dimensional stability, heat resistance, and adhesion to metals and inorganic materials, and suitable for use in optical transparent materials and electronic material parts, to a cross-linked product obtained by crosslinking the composition via siloxane bonds, and to a film, sheet, or coating made from the composition.

Characterization of Iron(III) Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Using Ammonium Acetate as Precipitating Agent

Abstract: The effect of precipitating agent on the preparation of iron(III) oxide particles was investigated. Iron(III) oxide particles were prepared by precipitation of aqueous ferric nitrate solution by using ammonium acetate and ammonium hydroxide as precipitating agents. Particle size, shape, chemical composition, crystalline formation rate, crystallinity and magnetic property were measured for Fe2O3 particles obtained by precipitating with ammonium acetate, and compared with those of particles formed by using ammonium hydroxide. TGA, DTA, IR, XRD, TEM and VSM were used to characterize the particles. The nanoparticles synthesized with ammonium acetate showed a narrow size distribution, spherical shape, fast crystalline formation rate, high crystallinity and complete hysteresis loop. The better properties of particles formed by using ammonium acetate were originated from the chelating effect of carboxylate ions and higher crystallinity than those synthesized with ammonium hydroxide.

Manufacturing method for heterojunction thin film solar battery

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To suppress the generation of colloidal matters in a solution mixture, to prevent the degradation of the film quality of a boundary layer and the decline of joining characteristics with a light absorption layer, to reduce a manufacturing cost and to improve the yield of a product. SOLUTION: In a solution growth tank 2 storing a strong alkaline solution mixture for which a solution (1) for which aqueous ammonia or aqueous ammonium hydroxide is a pH regulator and ammonium zinc complex salt is formed and an aqueous solution (2) for which sulfur containing salt is dissolved in pure water are mixed, a work piece H for which a metal back surface electrode C and the light absorption layer D are successively laminated on a substrate B is immersed, and a film is formed with the transparency of the solution mixture in the range of about 100% to 60%. Thus, with less colloid generation, a zinc mixed crystal compound semiconductor thin film is chemically grown. The film can be used for a sputter window layer and for an MOCVD window layer. COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO

Preparation of hydroxyalkylcarbamates from six-membered cyclic carbonates

Abstract: A method of preparing hydroxyalkylcarbamates from six-membered cyclic carbonates. The method involves reacting a six-membered cyclic carbonate with anhydrous ammonia or aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The present invention also provides for hydroxyalkylcarbamates prepared from six-membered cyclic carbonates, and for coating compositions comprising hydroxyalkylcarbamates prepared according to the present invention.

Tralkoxydim: adjuvant, MCPA and other effects

Abstract: The effects of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium salts, mineral oil adjuvants, MCPA and time of day applied were determined for tralkoxydim activity. The influence of MCPA and sodium bicarbonate on herbicide rainfastness was also investigated. All the ammonium salts used overcame sodium bicarbonate antagonism. Ammonium salts were also beneficial in deionized water. Ammonium sulphate was the most effective salt followed by ammonium nitrate. Ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium hydroxide were less effective in sodium bicarbonate containing carriers. TF 8035 was a more effective mineral oil adjuvant than Addit. Ammonium sulphate further increased herbicide activity especially with Addit. Ammonium sulphate was effective with TF 8035 only in the sodium bicarbonate containing carrier water. MCPA was antagonistic to tralkoxydim and ammonium sulphate could not overcome the antagonism but enhanced the activity of the tralkoxydim - MCPA combination. Herbicide efficacy increased when applied in the evening and this was most pronounced in sodium bicarbonate carriers. Rain 30 min after application reduced its activity, but had no effect when tralkoxydim was applied with MCPA. In certain cases, rain improved herbicide activity with MCPA. The results indicate the importance of antagonistic carriers and combinations, adjuvants, ammonium salts and time of day applied on tralkoxydim activity and rainfastness.

Synthesis of yttria-doped strontium-zirconium oxide powders via ammonium glycolate combustion methods as precursors for dense ceramic membranes

Abstract: Ammonium glycolate combustion was used to synthesize SrZr0.95Y0.05O3 − x powders. Soluble metal-glycolate complexes, detected by infrared spectroscopy, were formed with Y+3 and Zr+4, which maintain atomic level mixing of metal cations with glycolic acid. Sr+2/glycolic acid mixtures did not form glycolate complexes. Temperature-programmed reaction studies showed that only precursor solutions with metal-glycolate complexes combust, indicating that the combustion is initiated by metal-glycolate complexes. Varying the ammonium hydroxide content and glycolic acid levels above that required to form glycolate complexes did not affect surface area and crystallinity. Decreasing the glycolic acid/nitrate ratio increases the temperatures reached during combustion. Thick disks prepared from co-precipitated and ammonium glycolate powders demonstrated that combustion synthesized powders reach higher densities. Surface area and SEM indicated that the ammonium glycolate powders have smaller particle sizes, which favor densification, than co-precipitated powders.

Comparison of novel cleaning solutions with various chelating agents for post-CMP cleaning on poly-Si film

Abstract: In this study, various cleaning solutions containing chelating agents with carboxyl acid group (-COOH), such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid, were developed for post-poly-Si CMP cleaning. The chelating agent and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were simultaneously added into 2% ammonium hydroxide alkaline solution to promote the removal efficiency on particles and metallic impurities. The effectiveness of various cleaning recipes and their interaction mechanism with the poly-Si surface were studied. We could explain the surface behavior of various cleaning solutions by the different molecular size and charge of chelating agents. Based on the mechanism, the behavior of surface particle and metallic impurity can be realized. The co-existence of TMAH with citric acid or oxalic acid in the alkaline cleaning solutions can significantly enhance the electrical properties of capacitors.

pH enhanced meat composition and method for producing a pH enhanced meat composition

Abstract: A pH enhanced meat composition is produced by increasing the moisture content of an initial comminuted meat composition and producing an ammonium hydroxide solution in the comminuted meat composition. Mechanical action is preferably applied to the moisture enhanced meat composition after or concurrently with producing the ammonium hydroxide solution in the composition. The resulting pH enhanced meat product may then be formed into a desired shape and set in that shape by cooking or some other setting technique.

High voltage, highly conductive electrolyte for electrolytic capacitors

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a high voltage, highly conductive electrolyte for use in electrolytic capacitors and to an electrolytic capacitor impregnated with the electrolyte of the present invention for use in an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The electrolyte according to the present invention is composed of a two solvent mixture of ethylene glycol and N-methylformamide; a combination of hypophosphorous acid, boric acid and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid of carbon chain length from eight to twelve, such as azelaic, sebacic, or brassylic acid; an amine including ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, diethylamine, dimethylamine, triethylamine, or triethanolamine; and a nitro-substituted aromatic compound as a degassing agent, such as 3′-nitroacetophenone. Anhydrous ammonia may also be added to neutralize the solution. In an alternative embodiment of the electrolyte of the present invention, the ethylene glycol/NMF two solvent mixture can be substituted with 1,2-propanediol, using γ-butyrolactone as a cosolvent with or without NMF. The electrolyte of the present invention will allow the construction of multi-anode capacitors with low equivalent series resistance (ESR), which will have superior energy density and delivery, while being thinner due to fewer spacer and cathode layers with the same number of anodes. This resultant capacitor, when incorporated into an ICD, will reduce the size and thickness of the overall device.

Process for production of gabapentin intermediate

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for producing a the intermediary compound α,α′,dicyano-β,β-pentamethyleneglutarimide. The process includes the steps of reacting a ketone such as cyclohexanone with ethylcyanoacetate in the presence of ammonium hydroxide.

Process for producing an amino acid-N, N-diacetic acid and its salts

Abstract: An amino acid-N,N-diacetic acid (AADA) or its salt with an equivalent or less of an alkali metal is produced by reducing, through electrodialysis, alkali metal ions from an aqueous solution of the alkali metal salt of an AADA. By this configuration, an AADA salt can be produced in a much higher yield than conventional equivalents without requiring a regeneration operation of a resin as in the use of an ion exchange resin or without requiring crystallization-separation of crystals of the AADA salt as in the addition of an organic solvent. A salt of an amino acid-N,N-diacetic acid is also produced by reacting an AADA with any of metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, metal hydrogencarbonates, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogencarbonate or organic amine compounds. By this configuration, a metal salt, ammonium salt or organic amine salt of an AADA can be produced with efficiency without the formation of by-products.

Solvent extraction process for the separation of cobalt from nickel in aqueous sulphate-containing solutions

Abstract: An improved process for separating cobalt values from nickel values in an aqueous nickel and cobalt sulphate-containing solution in which the solution is contacted with a water-immiscible organic solution containing an organophosphorous acid in a cobalt extraction circuit. The process is particularly useful for aqueous solutions containing high total metals content and elevated cobalt concentrations, while avoiding the formation and precipitation of ammonium sulphate containing double salts during the solvent extraction of the cobalt. The improvement includes contacting a portion or all of the water-immiscible organic solution required for cobalt extraction with a nickel-containing ammoniacal solution to produce a nickel-loaded organic phase and a partially nickel-depleted raffinate. The nickel-loaded organic phase is then passed to the cobalt extraction circuit for selective cobalt extraction in which nickel is displaced from the organic phase by cobalt, to produce a cobalt-depleted, nickel-enriched, raffinate and a cobalt-loaded organic phase. Advantageously, the nickel-containing ammoniacal solution is generated by adjustment of the nickel-containing raffinate from the cobalt extraction circuit, by additions of ammonia, preferably as ammonium hydroxide, and ammonium sulphate.