Showing papers on "Arsenic published in 1978"
TL;DR: A positive correlation is evident between the concentrations of arsenite and the methylated arsenicals and indicators of primary productivity, e.g. chlorophyll concentration and 14C-uptake, which indicates that the speciation of arsenic in natural waters is significantly influenced by biological activity.
305 citations
Book•
01 Jun 1978
TL;DR: The Lanthanoids Lead Lithium Index (LLII) as mentioned in this paper is the most widely used index in the world for lead metal ion analysis, which is based on the following properties:
Abstract: Introductory Notes Aluminium Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Gallium Germanium Gold Indium Iridium Iron The Lanthanoids Lead Lithium Index.
253 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the atomic line emission from the elements in an inductively coupled plasma source after their introduction as the gaseous hydrides was investigated, and mutual interferences between the analytes were found to be negligible under the operating conditions used.
Abstract: In the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium by measurement of the atomic line emission from the elements in an inductively coupled plasma source after their introduction as the gaseous hydrides, two types of possible interferences were investigated. Mutual interferences between the analytes were found to be negligible under the operating conditions used. The presence of certain metal ions in solution resulted in low recoveries of some of the analytes, especially selenium and tellurium. However, this could be overcome by prior separation of the analytes by co-precipitation on lanthanum hydroxide.
232 citations
TL;DR: Workers in a copper smelter in a complex work environment characterised by the presence of trivalent arsenic in combination with sulphur dioxide and copper are concerned, showing a dose-response relationship to arsenic exposure.
Abstract: An increased mortality from lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, haematolymphatic malignancy and cirrhosis of the liver has been reported among smelter workers and others exposed to arsenic. This study uses the case-referent (case-control) technique and is concerned with workers in a copper smelter in a complex work environment, characterised by the presence of trivalent arsenic in combination with sulphur dioxide and copper, and also with other agents. Lung cancer mortality was found to be increased about five-fold and cardiovascular disease about two-fold, showing a dose-response relationship to arsenic exposure. Mortality from malignant blood disease (leukaemia and myeloma) and cirrhosis of the liver was also slightly increased. This mortality pattern among the smelter workers is consistent with earlier reports. An increased mortality from cardiovascular disease in this type of industry is of particular interest as it has been reported only once before.
211 citations
162 citations
TL;DR: A simple chromatographic method to separate the arsenic metabolites in plasma and urine following iv administration of 74 As to dogs is described, finding dimethylarsinic acid is the predominant species in plasma 2 hr after dosing.
116 citations
113 citations
102 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of thiosemicarbazide and 1,10-phenanthroline as masking agents to minimize interferences from Cu, Ni, Pt, and Pd in the determination of arsenic by atomic absorption spectrometry in an argon-hydrogen flame by the hydride generation technique is reported.
98 citations
TL;DR: A novel phospholipid containing arsenic was formed by all marine algae cultured in [(74)As]arsenate and its degradation to trimethylarsoniumbetaine, dimethylarsinic acid, methanearsonic acid, and arsenate in marine food chains and its metabolism in human beings are of considerable interest.
Abstract: A novel phospholipid containing arsenic was formed by all marine algae cultured in [74As]arsenate. Components of the labeled algal extracts readily separated by two-dimensional paper radiochromatography. Base-catalyzed deacylation of the major lipid yielded a phosphodiester identical to one of the two major water-soluble compounds. Acid or enzymic hydrolysis of the phosphodiester produced a product identified as trimethylarsoniumalactic acid. The structure of the phospholipid therefore is O-phosphatidyltrimethylarsoniumlactic acid. Detoxication of arsenate by marine algae leads to accumulation of the arsoniumphospholipid as a major reservoir for arsenic. Its degradation to trimethylarsoniumbetaine, dimethylarsinic acid, methanearsonic acid, and arsenate in marine food chains and its metabolism in human beings are of considerable interest.
98 citations
TL;DR: The concentrations of carbon, oxygen and silicon, together with boron, aluminium, sulphur and potassium, in various samples of bulk gallium arsenide have been determined by spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) calibrated by independent chemical methods as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The concentrations of carbon, oxygen and silicon, together with boron, aluminium, sulphur and potassium, in various samples of bulk gallium arsenide have been determined by spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) calibrated by independent chemical methods. Hall effect measurements and localised vibrational mode (LVM) infrared absorption measurements have been made on the same samples. It is inferred that the carbon atoms which show LVM absorption are located on arsenic lattice sites and act as acceptors. Calibrations for the LVM lines for CAS, SiGa, AlGa and BGa have been obtained. All samples examined contained a very low concentration of oxygen in the range (1-4)*1015 cm-3. Carbon concentrations of up to 1017 cm-3 were measured in deliberately doped material, while other crystals contained levels of 5*1015 cm-3 or lower.
TL;DR: In this article, the regional distribution of selenium and arsenic in humus layers of Norwegian forest soils has been studied by means of neutron activation analysis, and the results show a distinct decrease with increasing distance from the ocean, indicating that much of this element is supplied to the soils through precipitation.
TL;DR: In high-arsenic lakes herbivores had the highest arsenic concentrations, and omnivores the lowest, and Pelecypoda, Ephemeroptera, Amphipoda, and Hirudinea were conspicuously absent, suggesting these particular organisms may be more susceptible to the effects of arsenic than others.
Abstract: Arsenic concentrations were measured in aquatic invertebrates, macrophytes, sediments, and water of lakes in the vicinity of Yellowknife (N.W.T.), Canada. In arsenic-contaminated lakes the arsenic concentration ranged from 0.70 to 5.5 ppm in water, 6 to 3,500 ppm in bottom sediments, 150 to 3,700 ppm in macrophytes, 700 to 2,400 ppm in Zooplankton, and <1 to 1,300 ppm in other invertebrates. The arsenic concentration in invertebrates varied with sampling time, place, and taxon. Arsenic concentration factors were calculated, and found to decrease with increasing concentration of arsenic in ecosystem components of the lake. No evidence was found for biomagnification of arsenic through ascending trophic levels. In high-arsenic lakes herbivores had the highest arsenic concentrations, and omnivores the lowest. Pelecypoda, Ephemeroptera, Amphipoda, and Hirudinea were conspicuously absent from high-arsenic lakes. These particular organisms may be more susceptible to the effects of arsenic than others.
TL;DR: In this paper, an automated technique for reactive phosphorus, sensitive to < 0.5 mg P m−3, is described, where interference from AsO3−4-As and mercuric chloride is removed by thiosulphate in acid solution.
TL;DR: In this paper, the concentrations of some major and minor ionic constituents of different freshwater systems are listed, and the “typical” concentration estimates are given for freshwater in general.
TL;DR: In this article, the various arsenic species in a water sample are reduced to the corresponding hydrides, collected in a liquid nitrogen cold trap from which they are selectively vaporized and then swept directly through the sample port into a graphite furnace for detection.
TL;DR: In this article, the first indisputable evidence of arsenic OED in silicon has been obtained, and thermally diffused profiles under oxidized and nonoxidized silicon surfaces were obtained simultaneously.
Abstract: Oxidation‐enhanced diffusion (OED) of phosphorus and arsenic in 〈100〉‐oriented silicon has been characterized under low‐concentration doping conditions. The first indisputable evidence of arsenic OED in silicon has been obtained. The impurities were introduced by ion implantation, and thermally diffused profiles under oxidized and nonoxidized silicon surfaces were obtained simultaneously. Samples were beveled and the doping profiles were characterized by means of spreading resistance. Because of the close proximity of intrinsically diffused and OED profiles, the relative change in diffusivity could be accurately obtained. Both for phosphorus and arsenic the enhancement decreases as temperature increases, a behavior that is in agreement with previously reported data for boron. On the basis of the present data, it can be concluded that (a) the diffusion mechanisms are basically the same for all three elements and (b) the impurity diffusion mechanism involves two types of point defects in silicon, and the ox...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that arsenic behaves conservatively in the estuary as fresh and saline waters mix and complexes occur between arsenic and low molecular weight dissolved organic matter, presumably preventing adsorptive and coprecipitative interactions between arsenate and flocculating iron hydroxides and humics.
TL;DR: Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.
TL;DR: The concentrations of arsenic species in continental-shelf waters of the southeastern US are controlled mainly by simple physical mixing of shelf waters and Gulf Stream intrusions as discussed by the authors, and the biota mediate redox reactions which result in a disequilibrium of arsen species; up to 20% of the total arsenic (averaging 11 μg/l) occurs as unstable arsenite [As (III)] and dimethylarsenic, the remainder consists of thermodynamically favored arsenate [As(V)]
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Urinary copper excretion was significantly elevated in response to 30 mg/kg of DMS, suggesting that the drug might also be useful for the treatment of Wilson's disease.
Abstract: Arsenic (As2O3)-poisoned rats were treated with either 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) or dimercaptopropanol (BAL) at doses of 30 mg/kg/day. A control group received no treatment. The total quantity of arsenic excreted was not significantly different in response to 4 days of treatment with either DMS or BAL. In addition, there was no difference between the two drug treatment groups in the residual arsenic content of brain, liver, kidney and spleen after treatment. Both drugs reduced the arsenic content of each tissue to approximately 40% of that of untreated controls. Previous studies have shown that DMS is orally effective for the treatment of lead poisoning. The LD50 of DMS was determined to be in excess of 3 g/kg in rats and mice, approximately 30 times the LD50 of BAL. No gross, histopathological or biochemical evidence of toxicity was observed in mice, rats or dogs which received DMS 5 days per week for 6 months. DMS did not affect the excretion of zinc, iron, calcium or magnesium. Urinary copper excretion was significantly elevated in response to 30 mg/kg of DMS, suggesting that the drug might also be useful for the treatment of Wilson's disease.
TL;DR: This paper reviews the effects of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) on the mitrochondrion with emphasis on alteration of mitochondrial heme biosynthetic pathway and utilization of urinary porphyrin excretion patterns for assessing toxicity and elemental interactions.
Abstract: This paper reviews the effects of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) on the mitrochondrion with emphasis on alteration of mitochondrial heme biosynthetic pathway. The information was used to...
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TL;DR: Genetic evidence suggests that arsenic, chromium, and molybdenum compounds may influence the accuracy of DNA repair processes in microorganisms.
Abstract: A number of metals are mutagenic in bacteria or phage. These include compounds of arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, platinum, and selenium. Compounds containing aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and tellurium have been shown to induce chromosomal aberrations or abnormal cell divisions in animal or plant cells. Genetic evidence suggests that arsenic, chromium, and molybdenum compounds may influence the accuracy of DNA repair processes in microorganisms.
TL;DR: Evidence for the utilization of reduced forms of antimony, arsenic, copper, hydrogen, manganese, and selenium as energy sources for bacteria is summarized.
Abstract: Evidence for the utilization of reduced forms of antimony, arsenic, copper, hydrogen, manganese, and selenium as energy sources for bacteria is summarized. Each of these, except arsenic in the form of arsenite, can supply energy to appropriate organisms during growth. Arsenite oxidation may be able to provide maintenance energy. A rationale is presented to explain why prokaryotes but not eukaryotes can avail themselves of inorganic energy sources.
TL;DR: A multielement radioanalytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of As, Cr, Se, Sb, Cd, and Cu has been developed and has been used for centrification of environmentally related NBS SRMs.
Abstract: A multielement radioanalytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of As, Cr, Se, Sb, Cd, and Cu has been developed. An inorganic ion exchanger coupled to a solvent extraction system was used for the selective separation of these elements from neutron activated matrices. The method has been used for centrification of environmentally related NBS SRMs. 2 tables.
TL;DR: Four adult female Cynomolagus monkeys were given single oral dose of fish arsenic and 67% of the arsenic was excreted with the urine and 10% with the feces, essentially within 5 days post exposure.
Abstract: Four adult female Cynomolagus monkeys were given single oral dose of fish arsenic. 67% of the arsenic was excreted with the urine and 10% with the feces, essentially within 5 days post exposure. The same monkeys were later dosed with inorganic arsenic and 76% of it was excreted with the urine, and practically nil with the feces.
TL;DR: Aulin-Erdtman et al. as discussed by the authors described the Ultra-Violet Absorption and lonization zJc-curves of some Phenols.
Abstract: Almgren, T., B. Josef sson and G. Nyquist. 1975. A Fluorescence Method for Studies of Spent Sulfite Liquor and Humic Substances in Sea Water. Anal. Chim. Acta 78, 411—421. Aulin-Erdtman, G. 1953. Spectrographic Contributions to Lignin Chemistry. III. Investigation on Model Compounds. Svensk Papperstidn. 56, 91— . Aulin-Erdtman, G. and L. Hegbom. 1957. Spectrographic Contributions to Lignin Chemistry. VII. The Ultra-Violet Absorption and lonization zJc-curves of Some Phenols. Svensk Papperstidn. 60, 671—681. Aulin-Erdtman, G. and R. Sandon. 1968. Spectrographic Contributions to Lignin Chemistry. IX. Absorption Properties of Some 4-Hydroxyphenyl, Guaiacyl, and 4-Hydroxy3,5-dimethoxyphenyl Type Model Compounds for Hardwood Lignins. Acta Chem. Scand. 22, 1187—1209. Berlman, I. B. 1971. Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules 2nd. Ed. Academic Press, New York. P-74Falkehag, S. L, J. Marton and E.Adler. 1966. Chromophores in Kraft Lignin. Advan. Chem. Ser. 59, 75—89. Gjessing,E. T. 1976. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Aquatic Humus. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor. Goldschmid, O. 1971. Ultraviolet Spectra. In Lignins (Eds. C. H. Ludwig and K. V. Sarkanen), Wiley-Interscience, New York, p. 241. Kirk,T. K. and Hou-min Chang. 1975. Decomposition of Lignin by White-rot Fungi. II. Chardcterization of Heavily Degraded Lignins from Decayed Spruce. Holzforschung 29, 56—64. Kirk, T. K., K. Lundquist and G. Nyquist. 1977. Unpublished results. Konchin, H., F. Sundholm and G. Sundholm. 1976. Fluorescence Characteristics of Lignin Model Compounds. I. Styrene Derivates. Acta Chem. Scand. 830, 262—266. Lundquist, K., I. Egyed, B. Josefsson and G. Nyquist. 1975. International Symposium on Delignification with Oxygen, Ozone and Peroxides. Raleigh, N. C., U.S.A. In press. Parker, C. A. 1968. Photoluminescence of Solutions. Eisevier, Amsterdam.
TL;DR: Differences between the rates of uptake and release of arsenic suggested that arsenate undergoes chemical changes after having been transported into the algal cells.