Showing papers on "Autonomic nervous system published in 1975"

RR interval variations in young male diabetics.

Abstract: The beat-to-beat (RR interval) variation in resting heart rate was used to detect possible autonomic nerve damage in a group of 42 young asymptomatic male diabetics, employing a sensitive electrocardiographic computer technique. Compared with 25 age-matched controls, the diabetics showed both a significantly smaller mean RR interval (P less than 0.005) and less RR interval variation (P less than 0.001). Whereas only 4 of the diabetic subjects had shorter mean RR intervals, 22 (52%) of the diabetics had RR interval variations that were less than any of the normal subjects. This reduction in heart rate variation has not been previously reported in diabetics without clinical features of autonomic neuropathy and might provide a sensitive method of assessing early autonomic nerve involvement in diabetes.

Pure pan-dysautonomia with recovery. Description and discussion of diagnostic criteria.

Abstract: The patient described in this report appears to have had a unique, severe, pure pan-dysautonomia, and has been investigated in sufficient detail to specify precisely the disorders of functions subserved by the autonomic nervous system. Though we cannot rule out the possibility of an unknown autonomic toxin, we have no evidence for it and suggest that our patient's disorder be considered an acute polyneuritis, restricted to the autonomic system. Comment is made on tests of autonomic dysfunction and on the reliance which can be placed upon the results.

Defective innervation of heart in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.

Abstract: Heart rate responses to autonomic stimulation and inhibition were studied in 13 diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Parasympathetic function was impaired in all patients and sympathetic function in most. One patient9s heart appeared to be totally denervated. The consequences of cardiac denervation include tachycardia, a fixed heart rate, and a possible tendency to cardiac dysrhythmias, which caused spontaneous cardiac arrests in three patients.

Capillary innervation in the mammalian central nervous system: an electron microscopic demonstration.

Abstract: Capillaries in the cat hypothalamus receive axon terminals which are comparable to neurovascular junctions in cerebral and systemic arteries and arterioles. The innervation of capillaries in the central nervous system may be derived from central neurons, in contrast to cerebral arterial vessels, which are supplied by the peripheral autonomic nervous system.

Manter and Gatz's Essentials of Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology

Abstract: Section 1: Basic Principles 1. Introduction to the Nervous System 2. Physiology of Nerve Cells Section 2: Peripheral Nervous System 3. Fibers of the Spinal Nerves 4. Spinal Reflexes and Muscle Tone 5. Autonomic Nervous System Section 3: Ascending and Descending Pathways 6. Pain and Temperature 7. Proprioception, Touch, and Tactile Discrimination 8. Motor Pathways 9. Lesions of the Peripheral Nerves, Spinal Nerve Roots, and Spinal Cord Section 4: Brain Stem and Cerebellum 10. Organization of the Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves 11. Cranial Nerves of the Medulla 12. Cranial Nerves of the Pons and Midbrain 13. Lesions of the Brain Stem 14. Hearing 15. Vestibular System 16. Cerebellum Section 5: Forebrain 17. Basal Ganglia 18. Vision 19. Optic Reflexes and Eye Movements 20. Cerebral Cortex and Thalamocortical Connections 21. Limbic System 22. Olfaction 23. Chemical Neuroanatomy Section 6: Circulation of Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid 24. Cerebral Arteries Supplying the Forebrain 25. Cerebrospinal Fluid Section 7: Approaches to Patients with Neurologic Symptoms 26. Clinical Evaluation of Neurologic Disorders 27. Neurologic Diagnostic Tests Suggested Readings

Minimal brain dysfunction, stimulant drugs, and autonomic nervous system activity.

Abstract: Autonomic base levels and responsivity to stimuli were investigated in normal and minimally brain dysfunctioned (MBD) children. Continuous recordings of skin conductance, heart rate, skin temperature, and respiration rate were made during rest, at presentation of tones, and when performing a reaction time task. No significant differences in base levels were obtained between normal and MBD children when not taking drugs, but stimulant medication increased skin conductance and heart rate and decreased skin temperature and reaction time. The MBD children were less reactive, autonomically, to all types of stimuli. Stimulant drugs decreased electrodermal responsivity, which was predictable from concurrent changes in base line skin conductance and skintemperature. The MBD performance deficits are not related to lower autonomic responsivity or lower absolute base levels of arousal, but MBD children may perform better at relatively high autonomic base levels.

Functional anatomy of canine cardiac nerves.

Abstract: In 20 anesthetized dogs the thoracic autonomic nerves were carefully exposed in order to determine which produced cardiovascular responses when the afferent or efferent component of each was stimulated. Efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers arise from the caudal cervical ganglion regions bilaterally as well as from the vagus caudally to that ganglion. The majority of negative chromotropic, dromotropic and inotropic fibers arise from the vagus or near the recurrent laryngeal nerves; however, some small parasympathetic fibers also arise from the vagi down to the level of the pulmonary vessels. Efferent sympathetic nerves are relatively large with the exception of the stellate cardiac nerves, and produce specific positive chronotropic or inotropic responses. Afferent fibers are numerous in the recurrent cardiac, innominate, ventromedial and dorsal nerves and not very numerous in both stellate cardiac nerves as well as in the nerves at the level of the pulmonary vessels; thus there are numerous cholinergic and adrenergic efferent fibers which exhibit specific chronotropic or inotropic responses. The correlation between neural anatomy and specific physiological cardiodynamics illustrates beautifully the interrelationship of structure and function which exists within the autonomic nervous system.

Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sudden Death in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract: Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias can occur in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The arrhythmias are secondary to acute dysfunction of the central nervous system and possibly to sudden increase in intracranial pressure. The autonomic nervous system is the mediator in the production of these disorders. The clinical significance of these rhythm disorders is discussed, particularly in regard to the sudden, unexpected death seen in this type of patient. The possible mechanisms of production are analyzed and their therapeutic implications are stressed.

Latent infection of the peripheral ANS with herpes simplex virus.

Abstract: IN both experimentally infected animals1,2 and in asymptomatic human subjects3,4 herpes simplex virus (HSV) can establish a latent infection in the sensory ganglia of the nervous system. It is probably the periodic reactivation of virus within these ganglia that gives rise to recurrent herpetic eruptions on epithelial surfaces innervated by the infected ganglia. The ganglia of the peripheral autonomic nervous system seem to share a common embryogenesis with sensory ganglia5. Although it has been shown that acute infection of autonomic ganglia with HSV6 and the related herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus7–9, can occur, it has not been established that the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) can support a latent infection with these or other viruses. We report here a marine model of latent infection of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the sympathetic division of the ANS.

Fundamentals of Neurophysiology

Abstract: 1 The Structure of the Nervous System- 11 The Nerve Cells- 12 Supporting and Nutritive Tissue- 13 The Nerves- 14 The Structure of the Spinal Cord- 2 Excitation of Nerve and Muscle- 21 Resting Potential- 22 Resting Potential and Na+ Influx- 23 The Sodium Pump- 24 The Action Potential- 25 Kinetics of Excitation- 26 Electrotonus and Stimulus- 27 Propagation of the Action Potential- 3 Synaptic Transmission- 31 The Neuromuscular Junction: Example of a Chemical Synapse- 32 The Quantal Nature of Chemical Transmission- 33 Central Excitatory Synapses- 34 Central Inhibitory Synapses- 35 The Transmitter Substances at Chemical Synapses- 4 The Physiology of Small Groups of Neurons Reflexes- 41 Typical Neuronal Circuits- 42 The Monosynaptic Reflex Arc- 43 Polysynaptic Motor Reflexes- 5 Muscles- 51 Contraction of the Muscle- 52 Dependence of Force Development on Fiber Length and Velocity of Shortening- 53 Excitation-Contraction Coupling- 54 Regulation of Muscle Contraction- 6 Motor Systems- 61 Spinal Motor Systems I: Roles of Muscle Spindles and Tendon Organs- 62 Spinal Motor Systems II: Polysynaptic Motor Reflexes the Flexor Reflex- 63 Functional Anatomy of Supraspinal Motor Centers- 64 Reflex Control of the Posture of the Body in Space- 65 Functions of the Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum and Motor Cortex- 7 Regulatory Functions of the Nervous System, as Exemplified by the Spinal Motor System- 71 The Stretch Reflex as a Length-Control System- 72 Static and Dynamic Properties of Control Systems- 8 The Autonomic Nervous System- 81 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System- 82 Acetylcholine, Noradrenaline and Adrenaline- 83 Smooth Muscle: Myogenic Activity and Responses to Stretching, Acetylcholine, and Adrenaline- 84 Antagonistic Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Activity on Autonomic Effectors- 85 Central Nervous Regulation: Spinal Reflex Arc, Bladder Regulation- 86 Genital Reflexes- 87 Central Nervous Regulation: Arterial Blood Pressure, Regulation of Muscle Perfusion- 88 The Hypothalamus The Regulation of Body Temperature, Osmolality of the Extracellular Fluid, and the Endocrine Glands- 89 Integrative Functions of the Hypothalamus Limbic System- 9 Integrative Functions of the Central Nervous System- 91 Structure and General Physiology of the Cerebral Cortex the Electroencephalogram- 92 Waking, Sleeping, Dreaming- 93 Consciousness and Speech: Structural and Functional Prerequisites- 94 Learning and Memory- 95 The Frontal Lobes- 10 Suggested Readings- 11 Answer Key

Selective denervation of the autonomic nerve supply of the nasal mucosa.

Abstract: The autonomic innervation of the nasal mucosa has been studied in normal rats and in rats in which the supplying nerves had seen selectively transected; postoperative survival times varied from 2 weeks up to 18 months. The vascular structures appeared to be innervated both by acetylcholinesterase- and noradrenalin-containing fibres. Furthermore a nerve plexus consisting of both types of fibres was observed in the subepithelial region. The nasal glands however showed only a cholinergic innervation. The pattern of the autonomic nerve supply deduced from these selective denervation experiments does not differ fundamentally from the generally accepted scheme of this system in the nose of other mammals. Denervation occurred within 2 weeks after transection of the supplying nerves, but after longer survival times reinnervation was observed.

Vincristine-induced autonomic neuropathy.

Abstract: Case 1.-A 75-year-old man presented with recurrent Hodgkin's disease. Chemotherapy with modified MOPP (intravenous mustine 6 mg/M2 and vincristine (Oncovin) 1 4 mg/M2 on days 1 and 8; oral procarbazine 100 mg/ m2 and prednisolone 40 mg/day for 14 days; 28 days between each course) was started. About 10 days after his first course he developed symptomatic postural hypotension, his blood pressure being 110/80 mm Hg lying and 70/40 mm Hg standing. The Valsalva response was characteristic of autonomic neuropathy. He also had marked peripheral neuropathy. Slow spontaneous improvement occurred and chemotherapy was resumed using vinblastine instead of vincristine. Case 2.-A 77-year-old man presented with diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma. Cyclical chemotherapy was begun with COPAd (intravenous cyclophosphamide 400 mg/M2 and vincristine 1-4 mg/M2 on days 1 and 8; oral prednisolone 40 mg/day for 14 days; intravenous adriamycin 40 mg/M2 on day 1; 28 days between each course). One week after his first course he developed severe postural hypotension (blood pressure 160/80 mm Hg lying and 90/50 mm Hg standing). The Valsalva response was abnormal. Over the next few days he also developed peripheral neuropathy. His symptoms improved over the next two weeks and chemotherapy was continued using vinblastine instead of vincristine. Case 3.-A 56-year-old man presented with generalized Hodgkin's disease and received three rourses of modified MOPP. He was admitted with generalized weakness, constipation, and retention of urine. Clinical and radiological examination showed paralytic ileus. His blood pressure was 110/70 mm Hg lying and 80/20 mm Hg standing. Myoclonic jerks were observed and he had an extensive peripheral neuropathy. Spontaneous improvement occurred over three to four weeks. Chemotherapy was restarted, substituting vinblastine for vincristine, but he diecL.of septicaemia.

Digital plethysmographic responses to auditory stimuli in patients with vibration disease.

Abstract: Digital plethysmographic responses to auditory stimuli in 15 healthy men and 82 patients with vibration disease were analyzed in order to clarify the functional conditions of autonomic nervous system in this disease. The auditory stimuli given to healthy men caused a rapid decrease in the amplitude of the plethysmograms. After cessation of the auditory stimuli the decreased amplitude recovered to the control value within 30 sec. In the patients with vibration disease, however, the recovery of the decreased amplitude was delayed. The plethysmographic changes in the patients with vibration disease were divided into 4 types: normal (N), intermediate (I), delayed (D) and poor response (P) types. Each type of I, D and P was altered to type N by treatments consisting of therapeutic exercises, hot spring cures and so on. All healthy men showed type N. There were no significant differences between the time courses of the recovery of the plethysmographic changes and the amplitudes of the plethysmograms before the auditory stimuli. The results obtained seem to indicate that the autonomic nervous system in the patient with vibration disease is in disorder, and that the digital plethysmography with auditory stimuli is instrumental to detect the functional changes in the autonomic nervous system.

Synthesis and Storage of Acetylcholine in Cholinergic Nerve Terminals

Abstract: Cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in nature, being represented, to a greater or lesser extent, in the nervous systems of all phyla from the platyhelminthes (flat worms) to the vertebrates. In the mammals, where the nervous system is highly developed, cholinergic neurons are present in the brain, in all preganglionic and many postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system, and at the periphery where they innervate skeletal muscle. Most of our present knowledge concerning the general biochemical organization of the cholinergic neuron has come from studies with vertebrates—particularly mammals.

Autonomic Nervous System Recovery and Psychopathology

Abstract: A theory of avoidance learning with regard to the autonomic nervous system (ANS) for psychopathology is suggested. In schizophrenia, avoidance learning is facilitated, with an ANS which responds 1/ quickly and to a great extent, and 2/ an abnormally quick rate of recovery. The avoidance learning deficit in asocial behaviour is characterized by a hyporeactive ANS and a slow recovery rate. The reinforcement value in relation to recovery rate is discussed, and also that recovery rate of ANS may be inherited.

The Autonomic Nervous System and its Relationship to Tubal Ovum Transport – a Reappraisal

Abstract: The role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling ovum transport remains obscure. Although not studied extensively in the oviduct, the para-sympathetic nervous system does not appear to significantly influence ovum transport. The sympathetic nervous system of the oviduct and its pharmacology have been studied more thoroughly. Despite this, little information is available concerning cellular mechanisims of adrenergically altered motility or transport. In spite of much speculation, the weight of evidence suggests that, at least in the rabbit, the sympathetic nervous system plays a minor role in the control of ovum transport.

Brain and Heart— The Autonomic Connection

Abstract: When we indicate the brain in accounting for a cardiac disorder, we usually do so in the context of psychosomatic medicine. We recognize that, triggered by emotion, impulses from the brain may derange the rate or the rhythm of the heart through the mediation of the autonomic nervous system. What is not so well appreciated is that organic brain damage, as in intracranial hemorrhage, can also affect the heart. And what is even less well recognized is that it may do so frequently and with serious consequences. Nearly thirty years ago, Byer et al 1 reported tall, upright T waves and prolonged QT intervals in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage. In 1954, Burch and associates 2 described a similar pattern, but with frequently inverted T waves and large U waves in patients with cerebrovascular accidents. Since then, a number of other reports have related various ischemic and arrhythmic electrocardiographic findings

Factors affecting tracheobronchial mucociliary transport.

Abstract: In vivo mucus transport rates were studied in humans and donkeys by external measurement of the rate of clearance of insoluble monodisperse gamma-tagged aerosols. The influence of temperature, environmental toxicants and drugs which affect the autonomic nervous system were studied by determining the changes in clearance produced by them in individual subjects. In donkeys, increased pretest ambient temperature accelerated clearance by greater than 1.7%/ degrees C. Smoking 2-7 cigarettes reduced the duration of bronchial clearance by approximately 50% in both humans and donkeys. Donkeys were exposed to higher doses; with progressive slowing of tracheal and bronchial clearance for greater than 10 cigarettes. HCN, at concentrations up to 1230 ppm, produced only a mild transient slowing of clearance. In man, atropine slowed clearance, while the adrenergic stimulating drugs, isoproterenol and epinephrine, both accelerated it by greater than or equal to 4 times, as did isoproterenol when given subsequent to atropine. The cholinergic stimulating drug methacholine increased mucociliary transport in the the donkey. Administration of a tap water aerosol for 10-15 min in humans increased bronchial clearance rates by approximately 25%.

Influence of Autonomic Nerves and Drugs on Myoepithelial Cells in Parotid Glands of Cat

Abstract: When a single electrical shock is applied to either the parasympathetic or to the sympathetic nerves a pressure rise is seen in the parotid duct of the cat, probably due to myoepithelial cell activation. No secretion occurred on single impulse stimulation. When repetitive stimulation was used both divisions of the autonomic nervous system could evoke secretion. The motor response to sympathetic stimulation was mediated via alpha-receptors while secretion mainly was mediated via beta-receptors.

The autonomic nervous system and the bladder during spinal shock--an experimental study.

Abstract: During experimental spinal shock, the urethral muscle responded to drugs earlier than the detrusor muscle. Stimulation with parasympathomimetic drugs caused some rise in intravesical pressure, but an unexpected and much greater rise of intraurethral pressure. Bladder evacuation was achieved with the Crede manoeuvre during spinal shock with the combined effect of alpha adrenergic blockade and beta adrenergic stimulation.