Showing papers on "Base load power plant published in 2013"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors give an overview and discuss some development trends in the technologies used for wind power systems, and several state-of-the-art wind turbine concepts, as well as the corresponding power electronic converters and control structures are reviewed, respectively.
Abstract: Wind power is still the most promising renewable energy in the year of 2013. The wind turbine system (WTS) started with a few tens of kilowatt power in the 1980s. Now, multimegawatt wind turbines are widely installed even up to 6-8 MW. There is a widespread use of wind turbines in the distribution networks and more and more wind power stations, acting as power plants, are connected directly to the transmission networks. As the grid penetration and power level of the wind turbines increase steadily, the wind power starts to have significant impacts to the power grid system. Therefore, more advanced generators, power electronic systems, and control solutions have to be introduced to improve the characteristics of the wind power plant and make it more suitable to be integrated into the power grid. Meanwhile, there are also some emerging technology challenges, which need to be further clarified and investigated. This paper gives an overview and discusses some development trends in the technologies used for wind power systems. First, the developments of technology and market are generally discussed. Next, several state-of-the-art wind turbine concepts, as well as the corresponding power electronic converters and control structures, are reviewed, respectively. Furthermore, grid requirements and the technology challenges for the future WTS are also addressed.
736 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a robust optimization approach was developed to derive an optimal unit commitment decision for the reliability unit commitment runs by ISOs/RTOs, with the objective of maximizing total social welfare under the joint worst-case wind power output and demand response scenario.
Abstract: With the increasing penetration of wind power into the power grid, maintaining system reliability has been a challenging issue for ISOs/RTOs, due to the intermittent nature of wind power. In addition to the traditional reserves provided by thermal, hydro, and gas generators, demand response (DR) programs have gained much attention recently as another reserve resource to mitigate wind power output uncertainty. However, the price-elastic demand curve is not exactly known in advance, which provides another dimension of uncertainty. To accommodate the combined uncertainties from wind power and DR, we allow the wind power output to vary within a given interval with the price-elastic demand curve also varying in this paper. We develop a robust optimization approach to derive an optimal unit commitment decision for the reliability unit commitment runs by ISOs/RTOs, with the objective of maximizing total social welfare under the joint worst-case wind power output and demand response scenario. The problem is formulated as a multi-stage robust mixed-integer programming problem. An exact solution approach leveraging Benders' decomposition is developed to obtain the optimal robust unit commitment schedule for the problem. Additional variables are introduced to parameterize the conservatism of our model and avoid over-protection. Finally, we test the performance of the proposed approach using a case study based on the IEEE 118-bus system. The results verify that our proposed approach can accommodate both wind power and demand response uncertainties, and demand response can help accommodate wind power output uncertainty by lowering the unit load cost.
457 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal control of the microgrid's energy storage devices is addressed, where stored energy is controlled to balance power generation of renewable sources to optimize overall power consumption at the micro-grid point of common coupling.
Abstract: Energy storage may improve power management in microgrids that include renewable energy sources. The storage devices match energy generation to consumption, facilitating a smooth and robust energy balance within the microgrid. This paper addresses the optimal control of the microgrid's energy storage devices. Stored energy is controlled to balance power generation of renewable sources to optimize overall power consumption at the microgrid point of common coupling. Recent works emphasize constraints imposed by the storage device itself, such as limited capacity and internal losses. However, these works assume flat, highly simplified network models, which overlook the physical connectivity. This work proposes an optimal power flow solution that considers the entire system: the storage device limits, voltages limits, currents limits, and power limits. The power network may be arbitrarily complex, and the proposed solver obtains a globally optimal solution.
378 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered a virtual power plant consisting of an intermittent source, a storage facility, and a dispatchable power plant, and casted the offering problem as a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming model.
310 citations
TL;DR: In particular, photovoltaic (PV) systems have been skyrocketing over the last couple of years and about 1.2 million PV systems were installed, with a total installed peak capacity of more than 31 GWp as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Energy supply systems are facing significant changes in many countries around the globe. A good example of such a transformation is the German power system, where renewable energy sources (RESs) are now contributing 25% of the power needed to meet electricity demand, compared with 5% only 20 years ago. In particular, photovoltaic (PV) systems have been skyrocketing over the last couple of years. As of September 2012, about 1.2 million PV systems were installed, with a total installed peak capacity of more than 31 GWp. During some hours of 2012, PV already contributed about 40% of the peak power demand. It seems that Germany is well on the way to sourcing a major portion of its energy needs from solar installations. PV must therefore provide a full range of services to system operators so as to replace services provided by conventional bulk power plants.
277 citations
TL;DR: A new algorithm to optimize the day-ahead thermal and electrical scheduling of a large scale VPP (LSVPP) which contains: a) many small-scale producers and consumers distributed over a large territory and b) energy storage and cogeneration processes.
Abstract: Smart grids are often analyzed using a top-down approach, i.e., starting from communication and control technologies evolution, to then focus on their effects on active and passive users, in terms of new services, higher efficiency and quality of supply. However, with their bottom-up approach, virtual power plants (VPP) are very promising instruments for promoting an effective integration of distributed generation (DG) and energy storage devices as well as valid means for enabling consumers to respond to load management signals, when operated under the supervision of a scheduling coordinator. These aggregation factors can be very profitable for the distributed energy resources (DERs) economy and for the energy network itself. This paper presents a new algorithm to optimize the day-ahead thermal and electrical scheduling of a large scale VPP (LSVPP) which contains: a) many small-scale producers and consumers (“prosumers”) distributed over a large territory and b) energy storage and cogeneration processes. The algorithm also takes into account the actual location of each DER in the public network and their specific capability. Thermal and electrical generator models, load and storage devices are very detailed and flexible, as are the rates and incentives framework. Several novelties, with respect to the previous literature, are proposed. Case study results are also described and discussed.
238 citations
TL;DR: Three coordinated wind-PEV energy dispatching approaches in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) context are exploited, i.e., valley searching, interruptible and variable-rate energy dispatch, aiming to promote the user demand response through optimizing the utilization efficiency of wind power generation as well as meeting the dynamic power demands.
Abstract: The integration of a massive number of small-scale wind turbines and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) brought about urgent technical challenge to power distribution network operators (DNOs) in terms of secure power supply and energy dispatching optimization. In this paper, we exploited three coordinated wind-PEV energy dispatching approaches in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) context, i.e., valley searching, interruptible and variable-rate energy dispatching, aiming to promote the user demand response through optimizing the utilization efficiency of wind power generation as well as meeting the dynamic power demands. This issue is addressed in a stochastic framework considering the uncertainties of wind power generation as well as the statistical PEV driving patterns. The performances of the proposed solutions are assessed through a comparative study through numerical simulation experiments covering sufficient system scenarios by the use of scenario generation and reduction techniques. The result demonstrates that the energy dispatch based on the latter two approaches can achieve better matching between power generation and demands as well as PEV user satisfaction. In addition, the suggested approaches can be adopted by DNOs in practice with minimal deployment hurdles to promote the energy supplies within microgrid with wind power sources and PEVs.
231 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the performance of the primary frequency control in a wind turbine controller and derived the potential of the obtained grid service at partial load at an islanded power system.
Abstract: Grid operational challenges are significant to increase securely the wind penetration level. New embedded control functions are therefore required in order to make participate wind generators in power system management. In this paper the implementation of inertial response and primary frequency control in a wind turbine controller are investigated. Main factors affecting the performances of the frequency regulation are identified and characterized. The influence of control parameters and the turbine operating point on the inertial response are analyzed through obtained performances in an islanded power system. The combined control scheme using both controllers is also developed and the potential of the obtained grid service at partial load is discussed.
229 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate distributed energy storage as one such strategy, which augments the usual formulation by adding simple charge/discharge dynamics for energy storage collocated with load and/or generation buses cast as a finite-time optimal control problem.
Abstract: Restructuring of the electric power industry along with mandates to integrate renewable energy sources is introducing new challenges for the electric power system. Intermittent power sources, in particular, require mitigation strategies in order to maintain consistent power on the electric grid. We investigate distributed energy storage as one such strategy. Our model for optimal power flow with storage augments the usual formulation by adding simple charge/discharge dynamics for energy storage collocated with load and/or generation buses cast as a finite-time optimal control problem. We first propose a solution strategy that uses a convex optimization based relaxation to solve the optimal control problem. We then use this framework to illustrate the effects of various levels of energy storage using the topology of IEEE benchmark systems along with both time-invariant and demand-based cost functions. The addition of energy storage and demand-based cost functions significantly reduces the generation costs and flattens the generation profiles.
210 citations
TL;DR: The possibility of smoothing out the load variance in a household microgrid by regulating the charging patterns of family PHEVs is investigated and it is demonstrated that the variance of load power can be dramatically reduced.
Abstract: With the advent of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is attracting increasing attention recently. It is believed that the V2G option can aid to improve the efficiency and reliability of the power grid, as well as reduce overall cost and carbon emission. In this paper, the possibility of smoothing out the load variance in a household microgrid by regulating the charging patterns of family PHEVs is investigated. First, the mathematic model of the problem is built up. Then, the case study is conducted, which demonstrates that, by regulating the charging profiles of the PHEVs, the variance of load power can be dramatically reduced. Third, the energy losses and the subsidy mechanism are discussed. Finally, the impacts of the requested net charging quantities and the battery capacity of PHEVs on the performance of the regulated charging are investigated.
209 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered a weekly self-scheduling of a virtual power plant composed of intermittent renewable sources, storage system and a conventional power plant, and formulated the optimal dispatch problem as a mixed-integer linear programming model which maximizes the weekly virtual power plants profit subject to the long-term bilateral contracts and technical constraints.
TL;DR: In this paper, the hourly coordination of wind power generation units with pumped-storage hydro (PS) generation could relieve the variability of wind energy and increase its dispatchability, based on the application of stochastic security-constrained unit commitment (stochastic SCUC).
Abstract: The ever-increasing penetration of variable wind energy in power systems affects the hourly dispatch of thermal power generation in electricity markets. The variability of wind energy, which makes the wind energy non-dispatchable and difficult to control, could bring significant challenges to power system operators. The hourly coordination of wind power generation units with pumped-storage hydro (PS) generation could relieve the variability of wind energy and increase its dispatchability. The wind-PS coordination is based on the application of stochastic security-constrained unit commitment (stochastic SCUC). In this study, the coordinated hourly bus-level scheduling of wind-PS is compared with the coordinated system-level operation strategies in the day-ahead scheduling of power systems.
TL;DR: This paper details the proposed problem formulation and outlines potential approaches to solving it, and an implementation based on a DC power flow model solves systems of modest size and can be used to demonstrate the value of the proposed stochastic framework.
Abstract: This work presents a stochastic optimization framework for operations and planning of an electricity network as managed by an Independent System Operator. The objective is to maximize the total expected net benefits over the planning horizon, incorporating the costs and benefits of electricity consumption, generation, ancillary services, load-shedding, storage and load-shifting. The overall framework could be characterized as a secure, stochastic, combined unit commitment and AC optimal power flow problem, solving for an optimal state-dependent schedule over a pre-specified time horizon. Uncertainty is modeled to expose the scenarios that are critical for maintaining system security, while properly representing the stochastic cost. The optimal amount of locational reserves needed to cover a credible set of contingencies in each time period is determined, as well as load-following reserves required for ramping between time periods. The models for centrally-dispatched storage and time-flexible demands allow for optimal tradeoffs between arbitraging across time, mitigating uncertainty and covering contingencies. This paper details the proposed problem formulation and outlines potential approaches to solving it. An implementation based on a DC power flow model solves systems of modest size and can be used to demonstrate the value of the proposed stochastic framework.
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive survey of different issues associated with integration of doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) based system into the grid is presented in the context of wind turbine energy generation.
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-objective algorithm to solve stochastic distribution feeder reconfiguration (SDFR) problem for systems with distributed wind power generation (WPG) and fuel cells (FC) is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a multi-objective algorithm to solve stochastic distribution feeder reconfiguration (SDFR) problem for systems with distributed wind power generation (WPG) and fuel cells (FC). The four objective functions investigated are 1) the total electrical energy losses, 2) the cost of electrical energy generated, 3) the total emissions produced, and 4) the bus voltage deviation. A probabilistic power flow based on the point estimate method (PEM) is employed to include uncertainty in the WPG output and load demand, concurrently. Different wind penetration strategies are examined to capture all economical, operational and environmental aspects of the problem. An interactive fuzzy satisfying optimization algorithm based on adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) is employed to determine the optimal plan under different conditions. The proposed method is applied to Taiwan Power system and the results are validated in terms of efficiency and accuracy.
TL;DR: In this article, a model predictive control (MPC) approach is presented to manage in real-time the energy generated by a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) power plant with energy storage (ES), optimizing its economic revenue.
Abstract: This work presents a model predictive control (MPC) approach to manage in real-time the energy generated by a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) power plant with energy storage (ES), optimizing its economic revenue. This MPC approach stands out because, when a long enough prediction horizon is used, the saturation of the ES system (ESS) can be advanced by means of a prediction model of the PV panels production. Therefore, the PV+ES power plant can modify its production so as to manage the power deviations with regard to that committed in the daily and intraday electricity markets, with the objective of reducing economic penalties. The initial power commitment is supposed in this work to be given by a higher level energy management operator. By a proper definition of its objective function, the predictive control allows us to economically optimize the PV+ES power plant performance. This control strategy is tested in simulations with actual data measured for different days with varying meteorological conditions. Results provide a good reference on the economic benefits which can be obtained thanks to the MPC introduction.
TL;DR: In this article, the details of practical circuit and control implementation of an electric spring for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation of the ac mains are presented, and the proof-of-concept hardware is successfully built and demonstrated in a 10kVA power system fed by wind energy for improving power system stability.
Abstract: In this paper, the details of practical circuit and control implementation of an electric spring for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation of the ac mains are presented. With Hooke's law published three centuries ago, power electronics-based reactive power controllers are turned into electric springs (ESs) for regulating the ac mains of a power grid. The proposed ES has inherent advantages of: 1) ensuring dynamic load demand to follow intermittent power generation; and 2) being able to regulate the voltage in the distribution network of the power grid where numerous small-scale intermittent renewable power sources are connected. Therefore, it offers a solution to solve the voltage fluctuation problems for future power grids with substantial penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources without relying on information and communication technology. The proof-of-concept hardware is successfully built and demonstrated in a 10-kVA power system fed by wind energy for improving power system stability. The ES is found to be effective in supporting the mains voltage, despite the fluctuations caused by the intermittent nature of wind power.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors formulated the power imbalance problem for each timescale as an infinite horizon stochastic control problem and showed that a greedy policy minimizes the average magnitude of the residual power imbalance.
Abstract: The high variability of renewable energy is a major obstacle toward its increased penetration. Energy storage can help reduce the power imbalance due to the mismatch between the available renewable power and the load. How much can storage reduce this power imbalance? How much storage is needed to achieve this reduction? This paper presents a simple analytic model that leads to some answers to these questions. Considering the multitimescale grid operation, we formulate the power imbalance problem for each timescale as an infinite horizon stochastic control problem and show that a greedy policy minimizes the average magnitude of the residual power imbalance. Observing from the wind power data that in shorter timescales the power imbalance can be modeled as an iid zero-mean Laplace distributed process, we obtain closed form expressions for the minimum cost and the stationary distribution of the stored power. We show that most of the reduction in the power imbalance can be achieved with relatively small storage capacity. In longer timescales, the correlation in the power imbalance cannot be ignored. As such, we relax the iid assumption to a weakly dependent stationary process and quantify the limit on the minimum cost for arbitrarily large storage capacity.
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated solution that takes care of both microgrid load dispatch and network reconfiguration is proposed, where the stochastic nature of wind, PV and load is taken into consideration.
Abstract: Previous studies of distributed power and network focused only on the optimization of either the microgrid load dispatch or reconfiguration power loss. Micorgrid economic load dispatch approach normally does not support distribution network. Network reconfiguration usually does not take distributed generators into consideration. Thus, it is necessary to integrate these two sub-problems together in order to benefit the whole network. In this paper, an integrated solution that takes care of both microgrid load dispatch and network reconfiguration is proposed. The stochastic nature of wind, PV and load is taken into consideration. The forecasting of the wind, PV and load data are considered. The four bio-inspired optimization schemes are adopted to solve the problem. The results obtained have shown that the four optimization techniques are all capable of solving this problem. By using the integrated approach, microgrid can be incorporated into the network more effectively. The network can adjust itself more efficiently to allow utilization of the renewable energy resources.
TL;DR: The electric spring is an emerging technology proven to be effective in stabilizing smart grid with substantial penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources and enabling load demand to follow power generation, and the energy buffer and therefore energy storage requirements can be reduced.
Abstract: The electric spring is an emerging technology proven to be effective in i) stabilizing smart grid with substantial penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources and ii) enabling load demand to follow power generation. The subtle change from output voltage control to input voltage control of a reactive power controller offers the electric spring new features suitable for future smart grid applications. In this project, the effects of such subtle control change are highlighted, and the use of the electric springs in reducing energy storage requirements in power grid is theoretically proven and practically demonstrated in an experimental setup of a 90 kVA power grid. Unlike traditional Statcom and Static Var Compensation technologies, the electric spring offers not only reactive power compensation but also automatic power variation in non-critical loads. Such an advantageous feature enables non-critical loads with embedded electric springs to be adaptive to future power grid. Consequently, the load demand can follow power generation, and the energy buffer and therefore energy storage requirements can be reduced.
TL;DR: This paper model the operation of day-ahead and real-time electricity markets, which the system operator clears by centralized unit commitment and economic dispatch, and uses probabilistic wind power forecasting to estimate dynamic operating reserve requirements.
Abstract: In this paper, we analyze how demand dispatch combined with the use of probabilistic wind power forecasting can help accommodate large shares of wind power in electricity market operations. We model the operation of day-ahead and real-time electricity markets, which the system operator clears by centralized unit commitment and economic dispatch. We use probabilistic wind power forecasting to estimate dynamic operating reserve requirements, based on the level of uncertainty in the forecast. At the same time, we represent price responsive demand as a dispatchable resource, which adds flexibility in the system operation. In a case study of the power system in Illinois, we find that both demand dispatch and probabilistic wind power forecasting can contribute to efficient operation of electricity markets with large shares of wind power.
TL;DR: In this article, the integration of plug-in electric vehicles in the power systems with high wind power penetrations is proposed and discussed, and the optimal operation strategies of PEVs in the spot market are proposed in order to decrease the energy cost for PEV owners.
Abstract: The Danish power system has a large penetration of wind power. The wind fluctuation causes a high variation in the power generation, which must be balanced by other sources. The battery storage-based Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) may be a possible solution to balance the wind power variations in the power systems with high wind power penetrations. In this paper, the integration of plug-in electric vehicles in the power systems with high wind power penetrations is proposed and discussed. Optimal operation strategies of PEV in the spot market are proposed in order to decrease the energy cost for PEV owners. Furthermore, the application of battery storage based aggregated PEV is analyzed as a regulation services provider in the power system with high wind power penetrations. The western Danish power system where the total share of annual wind power production is more than 27% of the electrical energy demand is chosen as the studied case. The results show that an optimal operation of PEV in both spot market and regulation market can not only decrease the energy costs for PEV owners, but also significantly decrease the power deviations between West Denmark and Union for the Coordination of Electricity Transmission (UCTE) control areas.
TL;DR: In this article, a combined heat and power (CHP) system is investigated with and without a thermal energy storage option for eight different commercial building types located in Chicago, IL. The building's electrical and thermal loads are simulated on an hourly basis over one year and a CHP system operating at a constant base load is modeled.
22 Feb 2013
TL;DR: Simulation studies of the test case show that with proper control techniques, a meshed North Sea HVDC grid can mitigate the effect of wind power variation by facilitating exchange of primary and secondary reserves between asynchronous ac grids.
Abstract: There are very ambitious plans in Europe for changing the energy infrastructure in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This involves scenarios where renewable energy sources by 2050 will meet almost 100% of the electric power demand. This has spurred offshore wind farm development activities in the North Sea due to the vast wind energy potential in this region and the potential lack of suitable onshore sites in the future. Large-scale wind farms in the North Sea pose grid integration challenges such as the need for long-distance subsea power transmission and tackling the impact of wind power variation on alternating current (ac) grids. These challenges can be properly managed by the use of meshed high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grids. Three of the regional groups (RGs) in the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), namely Regional Group Great Britain (RG-GB), Regional Group Nordic (RG-N), and Regional Group Continental Europe (RG-CE), surround the North Sea area. A meshed North Sea HVDC interconnection between offshore wind farms and these three asynchronous ac grids can also enable market integration of the otherwise separate regions. This, in turn, results in better utilization of generation and transmission infrastructures, improved security of power supply, and maximized utilization of renewable energy resources. In this paper, a test scenario of a meshed North Sea HVDC grid is studied to demonstrate the potential of such a system for enhancing power supply security of the ac grids. Simulation studies of the test case show that with proper control techniques, a meshed North Sea HVDC grid can mitigate the effect of wind power variation by facilitating exchange of primary and secondary reserves between asynchronous ac grids.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the day-ahead unit commitment in wind-coal intensive power systems, where the wind power forecast was treated in two parts, i.e., wind power variability and wind power uncertainty.
Abstract: This paper studies day-ahead unit commitment in wind-coal intensive power systems. Due to their long start up time, high start up cost, and high minimum stable output, coal-fired generators do not provide a favorable environment for accommodating variable wind generation. The reduced efficiencies resulting from the coal-fired generation side as measured in increased fuel consumption and CO2 emissions can greatly undermine the wind power benefits to the system if wind generation and coal-fired generation are not properly coordinated. Special attention in the study is given to the wind power benefits to the system in fuel savings and in reduction of CO2 emissions. Based on the wind power forecast, the stochastic nature of wind power is treated in two parts, i.e., wind power variability and wind power uncertainty. Unit commitment is studied using wind power variability and uncertainty separately in different wind power dispatch modes and using respectively different spinning reserve procurement strategies. System performance indices are then applied to determine the optimal wind power dispatch mode and optimal spinning reserve procurement strategy to capture optimal wind power benefits for the system. A simulation system characterized by typical wind-coal features is constructed to model and to conduct the studies. The results show that taking wind power curtailment as a control option and using wind as a reserve provider improve the wind power benefits to the system.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present exergy and economic analyses of two advanced fossil fuel power plants configurations: an integrated gasification combined cycle with advanced H2 and O2 membrane separation including CO2 sequestration (Adv. IGFC-CCS) and an integrated gaseous fuel cell cycle with a catalytic gasifier and a pressurized solid oxide fuel cell including CO 2 sequestration.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of home-charged plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) load on household load and photovoltaic power production was investigated based on high-resolution irradiance data for Uppsala, Sweden.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the additional flexibility needs introduced by variable generation from wind and solar power and describe general approaches to analyze the need for and provision of additional flexibility in the power system in both the operational and planning time frames.
Abstract: Wind and solar generation may consequently be difficult to predict over some time scales. Large penetrations of variable generation (VG) lead to increases in the variability and uncertainty in the system's generation output, driving a need for greater flexibility. This flexibility will need to come either from flexible generation technologies or from alternative sources of flexibility such as flexible demand and storage. This article will discuss the additional flexibility needs introduced by variable generation from wind and solar power and will describe general approaches to analyzing the need for and provision of additional flexibility in the power system in both the operational and planning time frames.
TL;DR: In this paper, a photovoltaic (PV) plant model is presented based on a detailed electrothermal description of the panels forming strings that, in turn, form the power plant.
Abstract: A photovoltaic (PV) plant model is presented. It is based on a detailed electrothermal description of the panels forming strings that, in turn, form the power plant. It accounts for environmental working conditions, such as temperature and wind speed, and specific plant configuration, such as plant topology and power losses due to interconnections. The input variables of the model are the ambient temperature, irradiance, and wind speed. The model derives the working temperature of the panel taking into account also the power conversion performed by the panel; the electrical operating point is determined by simulating the actions done by the maximum power point tracker that operates at plant level. This model has been tested using a large database of experimental data from industrial PV plants characterized by power levels ranging from 250 kW to 1 MW. As shown, the model is capable to predict power production when “fed” by forecast irradiance, ambient temperature, and wind speed data.
TL;DR: In this paper, a robust optimization model for analyzing the interdependency between natural gas, coal and electricity infrastructures considering their operation constraints and wind power uncertainties is proposed.
Abstract: As power generation plants which use wind energy are increasingly integrated into existing electric power systems, it becomes important to evaluate how the wind power uncertainties affect the power system's operation as well as its interdependency with those infrastructures utilized to transport the various forms of primary energy that is converted into electric energy. This paper proposes a robust optimization model for analyzing the interdependency between natural gas, coal and electricity infrastructures considering their operation constraints and wind power uncertainties. The optimization model obtains an uncertainty-immunized solution in a unified framework based on the balance of nodal energy flows, which remains feasible and nearly optimal for all values of uncertain data. Case studies are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution for a multi-energy system composed by the IEEE-118 test system coupled to a 15-nodes natural gas network and a 4-nodes coal distribution system as well as for the real life Belgian natural gas and electricity infrastructures.