Showing papers on "Beta (finance) published in 1983"
TL;DR: This allele-specific hybridization behavior of oligonucleotides provides a general method for diagnosis of any genetic disease which involves a point mutation in the DNA sequence of a single-copy gene.
Abstract: Two 19-base-long oligonucleotides were synthesized, one complementary to the normal human beta-globin gene (beta A) and one complementary to the sickle cell beta-globin gene (beta S). The nonadecanucleotides were radioactively labeled and used as probes in DNA hybridization. Under appropriate hybridization conditions, these probes can be used to distinguish the beta A gene from the beta S allele. The DNA from individuals homozygous for the normal beta-globin gene (beta A beta A) only hybridized with the beta A specific probe; the DNA from those homozygous for the sickle cell beta-globin gene (beta S beta S) only hybridized with the beta S specific probe. The DNA from heterozygous individuals (beta A beta S) hybridized with both probes. This allele-specific hybridization behavior of oligonucleotides provides a general method for diagnosis of any genetic disease which involves a point mutation in the DNA sequence of a single-copy gene.
658 citations
TL;DR: The 41,000-Da subunit of the substrate for islet-activating protein as the GTP-binding protein with which the majority of thebeta subunit activity associates is identified, implying association of the beta subunit with a GTP -binding protein.
218 citations
TL;DR: The direct demonstration of beta 2 adrenergic receptors in the human heart, with a higher proportion in the right atrium agrees with pharmacologic data and supports the notion that chronotropic effects of adrenergic agonists in man may be mediated by both beta 1 and beta 2 Adrenergic receptors.
171 citations
TL;DR: Hepatocytes from juvenile male rats showed a 12-fold elevation of cAMP in response to epinephrine, which was mediated by beta 2-adrenergic receptors, which suggest that, in maturity, hepatic alpha 1-receptors become linked to 2 separate transduction mechanisms, namely Ca2+ mobilization and cAMP generation.
137 citations
TL;DR: The nucleotide sequences of the cDNA and genomic DNA clones permitted us to deduce the entire primary structure of the E beta chain and the complete exon-intron structure ofThe E beta gene.
Abstract: Using the cross-hybridization with plasmid pDC beta-1, containing the cDNA coding for the DC beta chain of the human major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, we have cloned and subjected to sequence analysis both the cDNA and genomic gene for the E beta chain of the BALB/c (d haplotype) mouse. The nucleotide sequences of the cDNA and genomic DNA clones permitted us to deduce the entire primary structure of the E beta chain and the complete exon-intron structure of the E beta gene. Unlike alpha chain genes that contain five exons, the E beta gene consists of six exons corresponding to the six functional domains--the leader, beta 1 and beta 2 domains, transmembrane peptide, intracytoplasmic peptide, and 3' untranslated region. In addition, two short blocks of sequences common to alpha and beta chain genes were identified in the 5' flanking regions. We propose that these sequences are involved in the coordinate expression of alpha and beta chains.
124 citations
24 Jun 1983
123 citations
TL;DR: The alpha 2- and beta 2-character of the presynaptic receptors matches that of the corresponding extrajunctional receptors, which indicates that a circulating catecholamine, namely epinephrine, is involved in the regulation of adrenergic transmitter release.
122 citations
TL;DR: Statistical analyses of DNA sequences of globin genes (beta A, beta C, and gamma) from goat and sheep indicate that the rates of nonsynonymous substitution in these genes have been greatly accelerated following the gene duplication separating gamma and the ancestor of beta A and beta C.
Abstract: Statistical analyses of DNA sequences of globin genes (beta A, beta C, and gamma) from goat and sheep (including new sequence information for the second intron of sheep beta A and gamma, kindly provided by A. Davis and A. W. Nienhuis) indicate that the rates of nonsynonymous substitution in these genes have been greatly accelerated following the gene duplication separating gamma and the ancestor of beta A and beta C and the gene duplication separating beta A and beta C. In both cases the acceleration was apparently due to relaxation of purifying selection (functional constraints) rather than advantageous mutations because acceleration occurred only in less important parts of the beta globin chain. The rates of nonsynonymous substitution in these genes are estimated to be about 2.3 x 10(-9) per site per year, which is three times higher than that for the divergence between human beta and mouse beta major globin genes. Our analyses further suggest that the rate of synonymous substitution in functional genes and the rate of substitution in pseudogenes are approximately equal and are between 2.8 x 10(-9) and 5.0 x 10(-9) and that the rate of substitution in introns is about 3.0 x 10(-9). The divergence time between beta A and beta C and that between gamma and the beta A-beta C pair are about 12 and 30 million years, respectively. The proportion of transition mutations is estimated to be 64%, two times higher than expected under random mutation but considerably lower than the 96% estimated for animal mitochondrial DNA.
117 citations
TL;DR: Ia (I region-associated) antigens are cell-surface glycoproteins involved in the regulation of immune responsiveness and sequence comparisons have been made to other proteins involved in immune responses and the consequent implications for the evolutionary relationships of these genes are discussed.
Abstract: Ia (I region-associated) antigens are cell-surface glycoproteins involved in the regulation of immune responsiveness. They are composed of one heavy (alpha) and one light (beta) polypeptide chain. We have sequenced the gene encoding the A beta d chain of the BALB/c mouse. The presence of six exons is predicted by comparison with the complementary DNA sequences of human beta chains and with partial protein sequence data for the A beta d polypeptide. Sequence comparisons have been made to other proteins involved in immune responses and the consequent implications for the evolutionary relationships of these genes are discussed.
111 citations
103 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the human T cell receptor is composed of constant as well as variable regions and that at least one of the latter is located within the beta subunit.
Abstract: The T cell receptor for antigen (Ti) has recently been identified as a 90-kdalton T3-associated clonotypic structure composed of one 49-51-kdalton alpha and one 43-kdalton beta subunit, which are disulfide linked. Here, Ti molecules from two alloreactive CTL clones derived from the same donor but of differing specificities (CT8III and CT4II) are directly compared following isolation with anticlonotypic monoclonal antibodies. Isoelectric focusing shows that the alpha subunits (pI 4.4-4.7) are more acidic than the beta subunits (pI 6.0-6.2) but that each glycoprotein species is distinctive. More importantly, two-dimensional peptide maps of 125I-labeled surface receptors indicate that the beta chains of Ti1 and Ti2 appear unique and share only two peptides in common. In contrast, peptide maps of Ti1 and Ti2 alpha chains are more related although not identical. These results suggest that the human T cell receptor is composed of constant as well as variable regions and that at least one of the latter is located within the beta subunit.
TL;DR: The pronounced effect of estradiol on the concentrations of mRNAs for alpha subunit and LH beta suggest that the assembly of mature glycoprotein hormones may not be limited solely by the rate of accumulation of the beta subunit.
TL;DR: The substrate specificity was found to be equally stringent for glycoconjugates and among the glycoproteins and glycolipids tested as acceptors, N-acetylglucosamine was incorporated only into those containing free terminal Gal beta 1-4Glc(NAc) structures.
TL;DR: Labeled beta chain took longer than alpha to become associated with the alpha 1 beta 1 complex in a number of different types of peritoneal macrophage populations, correlating with synthesis of an excess of beta.
TL;DR: Binding studies with the ligands [3H]‐dihydroalprenolol and [125I]‐cyanopindolol revealed that β‐adrenoceptors were unevenly distributed throughout the airways with the highest density located in the parenchyma and the lowest density in the trachea.
Abstract: The distribution of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in guinea-pig airways has been studied by radioligand binding assays and analysis of mechanical responses. Binding studies with the ligands [3H]-dihydroalprenolol and [125I]-cyanopindolol, revealed that beta-adrenoceptors were unevenly distributed throughout the airways with the highest density located in the parenchyma and the lowest density in the trachea. The relative proportion of beta 1:beta 2-adrenoceptor binding sites was assessed by computer-assisted analysis of the inhibition curves generated by selective agents. It was virtually identical in each region and in the order of 15:85%. beta-Adrenoceptor agonists caused concentration-dependent relaxations of both tracheal spirals and parenchymal lung strips. This response appeared to be mediated by both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in tracheal spirals as the pA2 value for the beta 1-selective antagonist, atenolol, varied depending upon which agonist was used, and, in the presence of the beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551, noradrenaline and isoprenaline produced biphasic concentration-effect curves. In parenchymal lung strips only the one subtype was involved as antagonist pA2 values were not dependent on the agonist used and the properties were consistent with those expected for a beta 2-adrenoceptor.
TL;DR: A region around residue 45 of the beta 2-M polypeptide which is exposed to the environment and not involved in binding HLA-A,B heavy chain is identified, consistent with this region being a major antigenic determinant.
TL;DR: Data suggest marked similarities in the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor binding subunits of different species and suggest that the pharmacological subtype might be determined by the detailed structure, i.e. amino acid sequence, at the ligand binding sites of the receptor peptide.
TL;DR: Two genomic libraries from PCC4‐aza‐RI embryonal carcinoma cells and the other from their adult syngenic counterpart 129/Sv liver cells were constructed and both were shown to be active and to restore beta 2‐m synthesis upon transfer into mutant cells deficient in beta 1‐m.
Abstract: Mouse teratocarcinoma cells express neither H-2 heavy chains nor beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m). We have constructed two genomic libraries, one from PCC4-aza-RI embryonal carcinoma cells and the other from their adult syngenic counterpart 129/Sv liver cells (H-2bc). The libraries were screened with a full length mouse beta 2-m cDNA probe which we isolated and sequenced. Two cosmid clones carrying the entire beta 2-m gene were isolated, one from each library. There was no detectable difference in structure between the two genes. Furthermore, both were shown to be active and to restore beta 2-m synthesis upon transfer into mutant cells deficient in beta 2-m. Irreversible DNA alterations in or around the beta 2-m gene are thus unlikely to account for the lack of beta 2-m gene expression in embryonal teratocarcinoma cells.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the beta-adrenergic antagonists betaxolol (beta 1-selective) propranolol (nonselective), and ICI 118551 (beta 2 -selective).
Abstract: The dose-response curves of the beta-adrenergic agonists isoprenaline (mixed beta 1 and beta 2), prenalterol (beta 1-selective), noradrenaline (more beta 1 than beta 2) and salbutamol (beta 2-selective) were studied on adipose cells of the rat, in vitro. The observed lipolytic potencies were in the order: isoprenaline greater than noradrenaline greater than salbutamol greater than prenalterol. The effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists betaxolol (beta 1-selective) propranolol (non-selective) and ICI 118551 (beta 2-selective) on lipolysis stimulated by the various beta-adrenergic agonists showed that in each case propranolol was the most potent blocking agent. These observations are not compatible with the concept that regulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue is mediated exclusively either by adrenergic receptors of the classical beta 1 type, or of the classical beta 2 type. We propose therefore, that this beta-adrenergic receptor, because of its non-compliance with the current classification system, be termed a 'beta-3' or beta-hybrid' adrenoceptor. Thus cardio-selective beta-adrenergic blocking agents, like betaxolol, may offer a hitherto unrecognized clinical advantage in obese patients undergoing anti-hypertensive therapy by offering a reduced impediment to hormone-induced utilization of calorie stores in adipose tissue.
TL;DR: Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of the product of Ek beta with that of Ed beta shows that most of the amino acid differences are clustered in short stretches of peptide sequence in the first external protein domain, which suggests that observed haplotype-specific immune responsiveness to certain antigens may be controlled, at least in part, by differences in configuration defined by these regions of allelic variability in the NH2-terminal domain of the E beta chain.
Abstract: The Ia antigens, encoded within the I region of the major histocompatibility complex, are a group of cell surface glycoproteins that are involved in the control of immune responsiveness. We isolated and determined the sequence of a 1,045-base-pair cDNA clone for one of the murine immune response genes, Ek beta. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of the product of Ek beta with that of Ed beta shows that most of the amino acid differences are clustered in short stretches of peptide sequence in the first external protein domain. This clustering of allelic variation suggests that observed haplotype-specific immune responsiveness to certain antigens may be controlled, at least in part, by differences in configuration defined by these regions of allelic variability in the NH2-terminal domain of the E beta chain.
TL;DR: Prostaglandin D analogues including the 9 beta- and 9-deoxy-PGD2 analogues are more potent than PGD2, and metabolically stabilized analogues with bulky substituents at or near C-15 have substantially reduced antiaggregatory activity.
Abstract: Several prostaglandin D (PGD) analogues have been synthesized, incorporating the following variations: (a) varying degrees of side-chain unsaturation, (b) C-9 hydroxy removed or in the unnatural 9 beta configuration, (c) metabolically stabilized analogues (e.g., 15-methyl, 16,16-dimethyl, 17-phenyl, etc.), and (d) delta 12 isomers resulting from decomposition of PGD2. With regard to their ability to inhibit adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced human platelet aggregation: (a) PGD3 greater than or equal to PGD2 greater than PGD1 greater than 13,14-dihydro-PGD1, (b) the 9 beta- and 9-deoxy-PGD2 analogues are more potent than PGD2, (c) metabolically stabilized analogues with bulky substituents at or near C-15 have substantially reduced antiaggregatory activity relative to PGD2 and (d) the delta 12 isomers of PGD2 are much less active than PGD2.
TL;DR: In the plasma samples, both beta LPH and beta EP concentrations showed a pattern throughout life which was expressed by a paraboloid function with the lowest values found in young and old subjects and with peaks at 51.3 and 48.2 years, respectively.
TL;DR: The subunit mRNA levels are independently regulated and their imbalance accounts for differences in the quantities of alpha and beta subunits seen in placental tissue.
TL;DR: In this study, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method for peptide mapping was used to investigate and compare the structure of beta 1 - and beta 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes and suggest alterations in the primary structure of similar beta-adRenergic receptorSubtypes across different species may relate to the magnitude of their phylogenetic differences.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new ligand 125iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) was used in binding studies of pig coronary arteries and the results indicated that both beta 1:beta 2-adrenoceptor subtypes are present in pig coronary artery.
Abstract: beta-Adrenoceptors of pig coronary arteries were investigated by the use of a new ligand, 125iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) in binding studies. Inhibition of ICYP binding by betaxolol (a selective beta 1-antagonist), zinterol (a selective beta 2-agonist) and ICI 118551 (a selective beta 2-blocking drug) resulted in non-linear Scatchard plots, suggesting that both beta-adrenoceptor subtypes are present in pig coronary arteries. Computer analysis of the data gave a beta 1:beta 2-adrenoceptor ratio of approximately 65:35.
TL;DR: The functional adrenergic receptor in the rabbit liver is shown to be of the beta 2-subtype, similar to the inhibition of [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding in plasma membranes.
TL;DR: The molecular cloning of DNA complementary to human Hp mRNA, carrying a full length copy coding for both alpha 2 and beta polypeptides, is reported.
Abstract: Human haptoglobin (Hp) is a plasma glycoprotein composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains that are covalently associated by disulfide bonds. It had been suggested that alpha and beta polypeptides could be synthesized via a common precursor polypeptide. We report the molecular cloning of DNA complementary to human Hp mRNA. One of the clones, pULB1148, carries a full length copy coding for both alpha 2 and beta polypeptides. In vitro translation of human liver mRNA hybridizing with this cDNA gives a protein mol. wt. of 49000 daltons. The sequence of the alpha 2 beta cDNA shows the presence of a single Arg residue between Gln 142 of the alpha 2 chain and Ileu 1 of the beta chain. With a few minor exceptions, the DNA sequence fits the previously published amino acid sequences. The differences are the presence of an Asp residue at position 52 of alpha 2 instead of Asn, the existence in beta of only one Lys residue between Gly 65 and the following Gln, the presence of Ser and Cys at positions 218-219 instead of Cys-Ser, and of Asp residues at positions 205 and 235 instead of Asn.