Showing papers on "Big Five personality traits published in 1981"
TL;DR: Re-analysis of the correlations of six studies indicated that the domain appears to be well described by five factors, with some suggestion of a sixth, and the five factors were related across studies, using the Kaiser-Hunka-Bianchini method.
Abstract: Psychometric studies of the organization of the "natural language of personality" have typically employed rating scales as measurement medium and factor analysis as statistical technique. The results of such investigations over the past 30 years have varied greatly, both with respect to number of factors and with respect to the constructs generated. Re-analysis of the correlations of six studies, including the classical work of Cattell, indicated that the domain appears to be well described by five factors, with some suggestion of a sixth. The five factors were related across studies, using the Kaiser-Hunka-Bianchini method. Generally, the factors were highly related, with most indices of relatedness exceeding .90. The five-factor model was tested by the multiple-group method, used to factor a large-scale study of teachers' ratings of children. With slight modification of the originally hypothesized structure, the five-factor model accounted for the observed relationships quite well. The five constructs suggested by the factors appear to be domains of research effort and theoretical concern which have long been of interest to psychologists.
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323 citations
TL;DR: Personality disorder was significantly more common in un bipolar nonmelancholic depressed patients than in unipolar melancholic or bipolar depressed patients, and was related to earlier onset of depressive illness and worse outcome within the unipolar nonMelancholic group.
Abstract: The authors examined the relationship of personality traits and personality disorder to depressive subtype, descriptive characteristics, and outcome in 160 depressed inpatients. Personality disorder was significantly more common in unipolar nonmelancholic depressed patients (61%) than in unipolar melancholic (14%) or bipolar depressed patients (23%). Personality disorder did not affect symptom manifestation but was related to earlier onset of depressive illness and worse outcome within the unipolar nonmelancholic group. Obsessive traits were most common in the unipolar melancholic patients, while histrionic, hostile, and borderline traits predominated in the nonmelancholic patients. The authors discuss the usefulness of a multiaxial diagnostic system and the importance of separating trait and disorder in personality assessment.
195 citations
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that women who were older, later in the family life cycle, less educated, and homeowners tended to draw fewer cues and examine fewer alternatives for a durable-good information display board task than for comparable nondurable tasks.
Abstract: Housewives were found to examine more cues and attributes for a durable-good information-display-board task than for comparable nondurable tasks. The number of cues drawn and of alternatives examined were positively related to tolerance for ambiguity and self-esteem, and negatively related to cognitive style and trait anxiety. Housewives who were older, later in the family life cycle, less educated, and homeowners tended to draw fewer cues and examine fewer alternatives.
188 citations
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TL;DR: It was shown that enduring personality disposition antedate and predict measures of personal adjustment to aging and that "Thinking Introversion" was related only to positive attitudes toward religion.
Abstract: Personal adjustment to aging as measured by scales from the Chicago Attitude Inventory (CAI) was examined longitudinally in a community-dwelling sample of 557 men aged 17 to 97. Concurrent and predictive relations between this age-appropriate measure of well-being and personality were examined by correlating the CAI variables with three factors from the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey identified as Neuroticism, Extraversion, and "Thinking Introversion." As hypothesized, Neuroticism was related negatively and Extraversion was related positively to most concurrent measures of well-being in both younger and older subsamples. "Thinking Introversion" was related only to positive attitudes toward religion. Predictive correlations between personality and subjective well-being over two-to-ten (M = 5.3) and ten-to-seventeen (M = 12.6) year intervals confirmed earlier research, and showed that enduring personality disposition antedate and predict measures of personal adjustment to aging.
147 citations
Journal Article•
128 citations
TL;DR: A German version of the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ) was administered to three samples in West Germany to determine whether its psychometric properties in that setting were similar to those found in samples in the United States.
Abstract: A German version of Spence and Helmreich's Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ), a measure of socially desirable and undesirable components of "Masculine" instrumentality and "feminine" expressivity, was administered to three samples in West Germany to determine whether its psychometric properties in that setting were similar to those found in samples in the United States. Factor analyses and scale intercorrelations conducted on the data from male and female high school and college students closely replicated the results reported for U.S. groups. Significant sex differences in the predicted direction were also found on all scales. The data thus support the conceptual model of masculine and feminine personality traits proposed by Spence and Helmreich as being useful for another country, West Germany, as well as the usefulness of the EPAQ as a measuring device. In addition, intracultural comparisons of the German samples were conducted to determine the relevance of the personality dimensions ta...
122 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: There were, however, significant relationships between obesity and the personality traits extraversion (EPI) and sociability (CMPS) when allowance was made for age and social class.
TL;DR: There was little personality resemblance among family members, either biologically or adoptively related, and Elimination of a rating bias and the use of multiple correlations did not yield notably higher levels of prediction, but restriction to a subsample of well-measured children provided higher correlations and more evidence of heritability.
Abstract: Adoption studies provide an opportunity to check on twin-study inferences about genetic and environmental effects on personality. The Texas Adoption Project obtained personality tests and ratings from members of 300 adoptive families: MMPIs and 16PFs for adults, and Cattell scales and parents' ratings for children. Overall there was little personality resemblance among family members, either biologically or adoptively related. Median correlations were typically positive, but under 0.10. Elimination of a rating bias and the use of multiple correlations did not yield notably higher levels of prediction, but restriction to a subsample of well-measured children provided higher correlations and more evidence of heritability, particularly in the extraversion domain.
TL;DR: For instance, PLOMIN and FOCH as discussed by the authors examined the relationship between sex differences and individual differences for a set of measures of specific cognitive abilities and objective personality assessments for 216 school-age children.
Abstract: PLOMIN, ROBERT, and FOCH, TERRYL T. Sex Differences and Individual Differences. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 383-385. Sex differences and their relationship to individual differences were examined for Maccoby and Jacklin's sex differences summaries and for a diverse set of measures of specific cognitive abilities and objective personality assessments for 216 school-age children. Although verbal ability is reputedly one of the most well-established cognitive sex differences, sex accounts for only about 1% of the variance of verbal measures. If all we know about a child is the child's sex, we know next to nothing about the child's verbal ability. The other measures of specific cognitive abilities and objective personality assessments yielded similar results. In general, average differences between groups appear to be trivial compared with individual differences within groups.
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship of traditionality of occupational preferences and sex-role orientation to personality-occupational environment congruence in college women and found that women whose choices were in nontraditional career fields were significantly more likely to be making choices congruent with their personality type than were women choosing traditional career fields.
TL;DR: In this article, Bem's index of psychological androgyny is used as a measure of dominance and nurturance, rather than "masculinity" and "femininity".
TL;DR: The enzyme activity was found to correlate negatively with the extra‐version score in patients and healthy probands, which is in agreement with the data from other studies.
Abstract: Low levels of platelet monoamine oxidase have been found in schizophrenic and bipolar depressive patients. The enzyme activity seems to correlate negatively with certain personality traits (social activity, sensation seeking, hypomania, positive affect and monotony avoidance) which are correlated to some extent with the score "extraversion" from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). The present study was carried out in an attempt to investigate further the possible correlation between platelet MAO activity and the personality traits measured by the EPQ. 41 schizophrenic patients and 20 healthy probands were blindly examined for platelet MAO activity and personality characteristics. The enzyme activity was found to correlate negatively with the extraversion score in patients and healthy probands, which is in agreement with the data from other studies. This correlation is discussed and a hypothesis suggested.
TL;DR: The differing relationship between each of the three personality variables indicative of sex roles (e.g., interests, values, traits) and cognitive variables emphasizes the need to view masculinity and feminity, as well as “sex-role,” as a complex combination of the many different aspects ofsex roles as they exist in the authors' society.
Abstract: The relationship between personality variables associated with sex roles and the cognitive variables of math and verbal ability was examined in three groups of adolescents. Masculinity and femininity of interests, behavioral traits, and values were examined using three inventories: the Femininity Scale from the California Psychological Inventory, the Bem Sex Role Inventory, and the Study of Values. Results indicate that there is some evidence for a positive relationship between masculine traits and values and math ability, and feminine traits and values and verbal skills (for both sexes). Certain traits indicative of maturity were found to be positively related to both high math and high verbal scores, while certain highly sex-typed traits and interests were found to be negatively related to both cognitive variables. A different relationship for males and females was found between high intellectual scores and indicators of self-concept and emotional well-being. The differing relationship between each of the three personality variables indicative of sex roles (e.g., interests, values, traits) and cognitive variables emphasizes the need to view masculinity and feminity, as well as "sex-role," as a complex combination of the many different aspects of sex roles as they exist in our society.
TL;DR: In this paper, a significant positive correlation was found between extraversion and accidents, particularly non-intersection accidents, in a representative sample of 113 young male drivers, and neuroticism appeared to be related to accidents only in extreme subjects and when considered simultaneously with extraversion.
Abstract: Extraversion and neuroticism scores were related to the accident and violation records of a representative sample of 113 young male drivers. A significant positive correlation was found between extraversion and accidents, particularly non-intersection accidents. A similar significant positive correlation between extraversion and violations may have been confounded with exposure. Neuroticism appeared to be related to accidents only in extreme subjects and when considered simultaneously with extraversion.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine psychology and Clio, the muse of history, to identify the characteristics of men who achieved eminence in the field of biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias.
Abstract: respected biographies show their distinctive intellectual competence and motivation, social and communication skills, general psychological wholesomeness, and both versatility as well as concentrated perseverance during childhood. Most were stimulated by the availability of cultural stimuli and materials related to their field of eminence and by teachers, parents, and other adults. Although most had clear parental expectations for their conduct, they also had the opportunity for exploration on their own. Our research combines psychology and &dquo;Cliometrics,&dquo; the quantitative study of history, after Clio, the muse of history. The criterion of eminence employed (the number of words written about each man in biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias) proved technically reliable; but the ratings of traits and conditions are no doubt distorted to
TL;DR: Level of Personal Integration yielded the strongest differentiation with respect to adequacy of maternal care, suggesting this as an area for exploration in interventions into mother-child disturbance.
Abstract: Personality and attitudinal variables were assessed prenatally and three months following the birth of the first child of 267 high-risk mothers. Four consistent factors emerged and, along with constructs rationally derived from sets of variables, were analyzed for discriminatory power. Level of Personal Integration yielded the strongest differentiation with respect to adequacy of maternal care, suggesting this as an area for exploration in interventions into mother-child disturbance.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of gender and individual differences in psychological masculinity and femininity on the achievement and interpersonal strivings, abilities, and self-concepts of 176 male and female college students were investigated.
Abstract: The relative influences of gender and individual differences in psychological masculinity and femininity on the achievement and interpersonal strivings, abilities, and self-concepts of 176 male and female college students were investigated. The results indicate that psychological masculinity and femininity are better predictors of strivings and self-concepts in the achievement and interpersonal domains than gender. Only with respect to subjects' expected and ideal financial responsibilities, an area which is governed by strong societal sex role norms, does the influence of gender surpass that of psychological masculinity and femininity. The results are discussed in terms of the personality strengths and social competencies that derive from masculine and feminine personality traits.
TL;DR: In this paper, a longitudinal sample of approximately 1,000 boys and girls was used to investigate whether ratings of personality traits show longitudinal stability, using a reformulation of the Campbell and Fiske (1959) multitrait-multimethod criteria in terms of stability across time.
Abstract: An empirical study, based on a longitudinal sample of approximately 1,000 boys and girls, investigated whether ratings of personality traits show longitudinal stability. A reformulation of the Campbell and Fiske (1959) multitrait-multimethod criteria in terms of stability across time was employed to give a more profound analysis of longitudinal stability. The results point to considerable stability across a period of three years (from 10 to 13 years of age) in ratings of personality traits, performed by independent raters. These results are discussed in relation to views, put forward by several researchers, that ratings mainly mirror implicit personality theories of the raters, and therefore are less useful as data in psychological research and application.