Showing papers on "Capacitor published in 1969"

Charge-Quantization Studies Using a Tunnel Capacitor

Abstract: A tunnel capacitor is an array of microscopic resistance-capacitance circuits with the resistive element provided by a tunnel junction. Because of their small size, such microcircuits display special properties due to charge quantization. An array of such circuits shows an oscillatory behavior in its capacitance-versus-voltage measurements. A new type of memory effect is found.

Bucket-brigade electronics: new possibilities for delay, time-axis conversion, and scanning

Abstract: Deals with integrated analog shift register circuits. Analog information is stored in arrays or mosaics of very small capacitors and can be made to travel through the arrangement by charge transfer. The charge transfer is carried out by active elements located between the storage elements and controlled by a clock signal. The circuit presented is simple, feasible for integration, and suitable for various functions. Delay, time-axis conversion, and scanning are the most obvious applications. This first report is restricted to a description of basic principles, examples of integrated concepts, and a brief discussion of fields of application.

Physical modeling of the step recovery diode for pulse and harmonic generation circuits

Abstract: A simple charge-controlled switching model describes most fundamental aspects of the step recovery diode. However, it is shown that switching speed and the associated loss are related to the width of the i layer and to the doping level. A switching model appropriate for general computer use is given, and examples of its application are shown in pulse and harmonic generator circuits.

Locating Shunt Capacitors on Primary Feeder for Voltage Control and Loss Reduction

Abstract: A method of applying shunt capacitors for voltage control and peak loss reduction is discussed. The concept is extended to the optimization of total monetary savings due to both peak loss and energy loss reductions. A computer program is developed to aid engineers in the application of such a method.

Multiple pin connector having ferrite core stacked capacitor filter

Abstract: 1,254,224. Connector and filter device combined. ERIE TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTSInc. 1 July, 1969, No. 33097/69. Heading H1R. [Also in Division H2] A connector with an internally secured multiple capacitor filter unit comprising a laminate of ceramicdielectric films 17, 18, 19, 20, having a plurality - of holes spaced from each other and extending perpendicularly through the films of the laminate, ground electrodes 24 margined from the holes and extending to the peripheral edge of the laminate, live electrodes 21 having a plurality of separate portions electrically - insulated from each other respectively extending to the edges of separate holes to provide a plurality of separate capacitors, a conductive coating 30 overlying and encircling the peripheral edge of the laminate and connected to said ground electrode means, conductivecoatings 33 overlying the edges of the holes and connected to the respective live electrode means, means of insulating 2, 3 providing sockets 4, 5 on opposite sides of said laminate and alignedwith said holes; a pin-6 extending through each hole and associated sockets, an electrical connection from each pin to the conductive coating overlying the hole through which the pin extends, and an electrical connection to the conductive coating covering the peripheral edge of the laminate. The filter unit may comprise inductive means such as ferrite beads 15 telescoped over; the pins to separate two adjacent laminates. The electrical connection from one of the pins to its live electrode may consist of a flexible conductive rubber sleeve.

System for automatically matching a radio frequency power output circuit to a load

Abstract: An automatic antenna coupler is described which uses a variable inductor and a pair of variable capacitors which are alternately switched into the network; the first while tuning the inductor, and the second after the inductor is tuned. While the inductor is tuned the first capacitor is swept through its range of values so that its capacitance changes at a rate much greater than the change in inductance. A control system responsive to the ratio of forward to reverse line voltage detected by a directional coupler stops the tuning process.

Apparatus for measuring mass flow of fluidborne solids

Abstract: Finely divided particles in a fluid stream transported in a conduit comprise the dielectric of two spaced-apart capacitors at electrically insulated inserts in the conduit. Circuitry determines the time span between correlated variations in capacitance of the two capacitors as a measure of stream velocity. Additional circuitry determines stream density by measuring the capacitance. The velocity and density circuit outputs are multiplied to provide a mass flow rate. An integrator provides total flow.

Power System Transient Control by Capacitor Switching

Abstract: Inserting and removing a series capacitor in a transmission line can remove the oscillatory transients due to a fault. The capacitor should be inserted in the remaining transmission lines when the fault is detected and removed by short circuiting when the time rate of change of power flow through the capacitor is zero or the rate of change of phase angle between line terminations is zero. The capacitor should be reinserted when the kinetic energy due to speed deviations equals the amount of kinetic energy that can be removed during the remaining swing to the target state independent of whether or not the line is restored to service.

Voltage-variable, ferroelectric capacitor

Abstract: This disclosure discusses voltage-variable capacitors, including ferroelectric, ceramic-dielectric capacitors that are variable by control of the potential gradients within their dielectric material. This disclosure describes voltage-variable, dielectric capacitors that have a plurality of electrodes spaced throughout the dielectric with control-voltage potentials of alternately opposing polarity to achieve a higher potential gradient within the dielectric than would be possible from a given control voltage supply to a single pair of electrodes on opposing sides of the dielectric.

A Simple Pulse-Height Analyzer for Partial-Discharge-Rate Measurements

Abstract: A single-channel pulse-height analyzer with suitable pulse-shaping circuits designed for partial-discharge measurements is described. The circuit of the pulse-height analyzer has a basic resolution limit of 1.5 ?s. The unit may be used in conjunction with an RLC-type partial-discharge-detection circuit and is thus applicable to discharge measurements on high-voltage apparatus such as transformers, capacitors, and cables. Typical results, obtained with an artificial void simulated with metallic-dielectric electrodes, are presented.

High frequency oscillator for inductive heating

Abstract: An electric current generator, notably high frequency generator, for supplying feed current to an inductor more particularly for heating purposes. Between the inductor and an oscillator tube is disposed an aperiodic impedance-matching transformer delivering low voltage current to an oscillating circuit consisting of said inductor and one or a plurality of capacitors. A line is disposed between the oscillating circuit and the oscillator tube. The function of this line is to convey the energy necessary for sustaining the oscillation.

Microwave quadrature coupler having lumped-element capacitors

Abstract: A microwave quadrature coupler constructed of a plurality of thin conductive strips on a substrate, preferably formed by photolithographic means. Each of these strips comprises a section of transmission line having a physical length less than onequarter wavelength at the midband frequency. The ends of these lines are coupled to other circuit elements through lumped capacitors also formed of thin layers coplanar with the conductive strips on the same substrate.

Drive circuit for minimizing power consumption in inductive load

Abstract: Automatic power supply circuit design for driving inductive loads and minimizing power consumption including solenoid example

Interaction of Capacitor‐Bank‐Produced Megagauss Magnetic Field with Small Single‐Turn Coil

Abstract: Experiments on the production of high magnetic fields in single‐turn coils by means of high‐voltage capacitor banks are described. Fields as high as 3.5 megagauss have been produced. Numerical analysis of the interaction of this field with the metal wall shows that magnetic diffusion and wall compression are the principal interaction phenomena. In addition, experimental and theoretical evidence are presented for the emission of a vapor cloud by the wall into the magnetic‐field volume. Finally, a simple approximate method for calculating the early time history of the magnetic field and coil motion is shown to give reasonable agreement with experiment.

Electric wave filters

Abstract: Multiresonator monolithic crystal structures are coupled to each other at predetermined coupling coefficients K by means of coupling capacitors that shunt the respective structure''s resonators to be coupled. The total capacitance coupling the resonators has a value CC C1/K where C1 is the equivalent motional capacitance of the resonators. The capacitor-coupled resonators, when uncoupled, exhibit frequencies f0 1-K, where f0 is the filter''s midband frequency.

Apparatus and systems for high-voltage electrostatic charging of particles

Abstract: Apparatus and systems for high-voltage electrostatic charging of particles are disclosed which are compact and lightweight so as to be truly portable. High-voltage electrostatic particle charging tools are disclosed for performing the useful function of propelling charged particles toward a desired object incorporating a high-voltage supply as part of the handling tool, the illustrative high-voltage supplies being voltage multiplier rectifier networks. The voltage multiplier sections are stacked within the barrel structure of the handling tool to provide progressively higher voltages toward the muzzle end thus minimizing electrical leakage and reducing hazard. A pair of parallel-spaced stacks of capacitors with diode rectifiers selectively interconnected between the respective capacitors of the stacks are encapsulated within solid insulating material to form a rigid barrel structure. A portable setup transformer is positioned emote from the tool the transformer being adapted to be worn by the user, as by mounting on his belt, and the tool being connected to the secondary winding of the transformer by a flexible insulated electrical cable. Air-atomizing as well as hydraulic-atomizing systems may be employed with the invention.

Destructive breakdown in thin films of SiO, MgF sub 2, CaF sub 2, CeF sub 3, CeO sub 2, and Teflon.

Abstract: Prebreakdown and breakdown electrical properties of thin film capacitors with certain oxides, fluorides and Teflon dielectrics

Design formulas for active RC filters using operational-amplifier biquad

Abstract: Complete design formulas for realising any biquadratic voltage transfer function are given. The configuration uses ten or fewer resistors, two capacitors and four single-ended operational amplifiers. The realisation achieves extremely low sensitivity and can readily be used in realising stable high Q factor active filters up to 100kHz.

Rf immune firing circuit employing high-impedance leads

Abstract: High-impedance leads in a firing circuit prevent radiofrequency induced currents from prematurely detonating the electroexplosive device. A capacitor across a serial arrangement of an electroexplosive device and an SCR permits the use of a standard size power source to detonate the (EED) electroexplosive device, notwithstanding the impedance introduced by the interference preventing leads.

Flash Calorimeter for Measuring Triplet Yields

Abstract: A fast, sensitive differential calorimeter is described which permits the observation of heating caused by the relaxation of the lowest triplet states of organic molecules formed by flash excitation. From the ratio of slow to total heating after flash excitation, we calculate Φt, the quantum yield of triplet formation. The detection of the small amounts of heat involved (∼10−5 cal) is accomplished by means of a capacitor microphone transducer which measures volume changes caused by the heating. The response time (∼100 μsec) is determined by the lowest cavity resonance of the sample cell. At room temperature we find for anthrance in ethanol Φt=0.66, while for acridine orange in glyerol Φt=0.23.

Transformerless power supply

Abstract: The power supply circuit receives as an input an AC line voltage, rectifies the line voltage to DC and transforms the voltage downwardly to a much lower level. No transformer is employed but rather the power supply circuit includes a plurality of capacitors which are charged in series by the line voltage and discharged in parallel across the load. The charging and discharging is controlled by a diode and transistor connected to each capacitor and to each other so that the diode conducts during the charging and then maintains the transistor nonconductive and the transistor conducts during the discharge when the diode is nonconductive.

Capacitor discharge ignition system with automatic spark advance

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a capacitor discharge ignition system which utilizes a magneto-type flywheel assembly with a permanent magnet located in the flywheel to induce a voltage pulse in a charge coil located on one leg of a U-shaped coil core to charge a capacitor and to induce a trigger pulse in a trigger coil to trigger a silicon controlled rectifier which thus becomes conducting and closes a circuit between the capacitor and the primary coil of a transformer for discharge of the capacitor. In the disclosed construction, the charging and triggering coils constitute portions of a single coil to advance the time at which the capacitor discharges and accordingly to fire the associated spark plug prior in time to the normal firing time in relation to engine crankshaft position, the coil core is provided with an extension or foot which extends circumferentially of the flywheel in the direction opposite flywheel rotation.

Pulse-operated electrostatic precipitator

Abstract: An electrostatic precipitator in which the discharge electrodes thereof receive electrical pulses from a power supply The power supply includes a source of DC (direct current) energy which feeds, in parallel, a bank of capacitors, via a plurality of diodes Periodically the capacitors are discharged, via thyristors, into parallel primary windings of a step-up transformer whose secondary winding is connected to the discharge electrode

Digital Generation of Low-Frequency Sine Waves

Abstract: Generation of approximately sinusoidal waveforms by a digital method is described. Very low frequencies (below 1 Hz) are easily obtained without the use of large inductors or capacitors, and the method is fully compatible with integrated circuit techniques. A process equivalent to nonrecursive digital filtering is used to remove the majority of harmonics from a binary waveform generated by a feedback shift register, leaving the fundamental together with only a few high-order harmonics of small amplitude.

A two frequency vibrating capacitor method for contact potential difference measurements

Abstract: Two frequencies are simultaneously applied to a vibrating capacitor for making contact potential difference measurements. Since the potential difference across the capacitor is usually a nonlinear function of the electrode spacing the resultant signal consists of one frequency modulated in amplitude by the other. By detecting only this amplitude modulation it is possible to observe contact potential differences while one of the surfaces, forming the capacitor, is emitting electrons or ions. Also the reproducibility of contact potential difference measurements is increased by a factor of ten over the more usual single frequency method. The system uses integral feedback to provide a self-balancing facility. The temperature coefficient of the minimum work function for a caesiated surface was found to be − 1·2±0·2×10−3 eV degK−1 over the temperature range 300 to 850°K. The work functions of tungsten (100) and (110) surfaces were measured to be 4·645±0·005 eV and 5·141±0·007 eV respectively, assuming that of the polycrystalline reference surface to be 4·550 eV.

A simple theory of the Johnsen-Rahbek effect

Abstract: The Johnsen-Rahbek effect is briefly described and the existing theories of the phenomenon are discussed. A model is derived expressing the attractive force between the contacting materials as a function of the voltage applied across them. The model, which takes into account the presence of surface irregularities, is obtained by an assessment of the effect of field emission on the electrostatic capacitor forces between the contacting surfaces. Good agreement with existing experimental results is obtained.

Organic Thin-Film Capacitor

Abstract: Highmolecular-weight organic compounds (hereinafter designated simply as polymers) are widely used in the manufacture of miniature capacitors because of their excellent dielectric characteristics and suitability for molding and processing These capacitors frequently use thin~film dielectrics made of polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate stretched films On the other hand, examples of manufacturing techniques for making thin films of these materials for application in the field of microelectronics have been rare, and it appears that none has been developed to the stage of practical application Polymers are essentially nonvolatile, and since they thermally decompose at a comparatively low temperature, existing thin-film techniques, 'which have been concerned mostly with inorganic materials, can not be readily applied However, if appropriate thin-film fabrication techniques could be developed, the noncrystalline nature of these materials (and their basic long linear molecular structure that may be cross-linked) is considered extremely suitable for achieving excellent thin-film dielectric formations having few structural defects A processing method has been developed for directly polymerizing and growing thin-film polymers on substrates by plasma reaction in a monomer atmosphere Good results have already been realized in the production of thin-film cpacitors In this paper, an outline of a new process for manufacturing thinfilm polymers, and the characteristics of thin-film organic dielectrics made by this process, are presented

Constant amplitude variable frequency sweep generator

Abstract: A sweep generator for an oscilloscope or the like is described for providing a sawtooth output voltage in synchronism with a periodic input signal having a variable repetition rate. A sweep capacitor is discharged in response to the occurrence of each input signal and then charged by a controllable current source to establish a ramp voltage across the capacitor with a selected slope. The voltage across the capacitor is compared with a reference voltage by means of a comparator circuit during a brief time interval at the end of each charging cycle. The comparator circuit controls the magnitude of the current supplied to the sweep capacitor to maintain the peak output voltage substantially constant.

Method for the fabrication of discrete rc structure

Abstract: A technique for the fabrication of tantalum-based resistors and capacitors on a single substrate involves a series of process steps wherein an anodic tantalum oxide film initially formed on areas destined for use as either resistors or capacitors serves as an etch stop when removing subsequently deposited tantalum components therefrom.

Monostable multivibrator with dual function commutation and timing capacitor

Abstract: A two-thyristor capacitor-commutated multivibrator exhibiting monostable behavior is characterized by a voltage-sensitive gating circuit including a breakover switching device responsive to the commutating capacitor voltage. After a predetermined time delay the auxiliary thyristor fires to commutate off the load thyristor.