Showing papers on "Desalination published in 1981"
Patent•
26 May 1981TL;DR: In this article, a water wave-powered piston pump is proposed for reverse osmosis desalination of seawater. But this pump is not suitable for use in the water wave desalinization process.
Abstract: This invention provides efficient and cost effective water wave-powered piston pumps Utility of such pumps is demonstrated in the reverse osmosis desalination of seawater
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that at present-day market prices for plants, electrical energy and fuel oil, Vapour Compression plants with horizontal aluminium tubes, the "Ambient Temperature" VAPOUR Compression (ATVC) system, compared with Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) even at the lowest net energy consumption achieved by the latter process by the use of high efficiency energy recovery turbines.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the GKSS research center applied a photovoltaic solar generator and a wind energy converter for a site in the Northern part of Mexico and a small island at the German coast of the North Sea, respectively.
38 citations
Patent•
18 Feb 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a method and apparatus for transferring cold seawater from lower ocean depths up toward sea level for use in ocean thermal energy conversion systems is presented. But, the method is not suitable for large-scale applications such as ocean desalination, where the desalinated water may be used for domestic consumption or alternatively dispersed into the near surface region of the ocean to increase the nutrient concentration therein.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for transferring cold seawater from lower ocean depths up1978 ward toward sea level for use in ocean thermal energy conversion systems (14) wherein an in situ desalination process (12) is utilized to create a density differential between the desalinated water and the surrounding seawater. The desalinated water being of a lesser density than the surrounding seawater, rises naturally upward through a conduit (16) and is utilized as a heat transfer medium in the ocean thermal energy conversion system. The desalinated water, which is a by-product of the energy conversion system, may be utilized for domestic consumption or alternatively dispersed into the near surface region (photic zone) of the ocean to increase the nutrient concentration therein.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results obtained in the area of reverse osmosis associated either with a solar motor or with an aerogenerator were presented and the description of a solar desalting greenhouse was given.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it has been shown that for such plants operating with residual chlorine levels in the range 0.2 to 0.5 ppm, the condansates from the steam that has passed through the deaerator into the vent system could well contain between 10-100 ppm Br 2 ; these levels of bromine can cause severe localised corrosion problems with conventional stainless steels.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar/thermal system configured to power a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit to produce 7000 gallons of fresh water in an eight hour period is presented.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an original seawater distillation scheme using surface water and the cold reject stream from an OTEC cycle is discussed, compared with conventional desalination plant producing both potable water and electricity.
17 citations
TL;DR: Waste heat -energy that is cooled away from a process - appears at two very different temperature levels. as discussed by the authors showed that at low temperatures, less than 20 °C above the ambient temperature, waste heat can be technically and economically utilized, if the temperature difference is 7... 15 °C, depending on the pumping energy cost.
15 citations
Patent•
22 Jan 1981TL;DR: An effective amount of a copolymer of maleic acid or anhydride and allyl sulfonic acid when added to the water to be treated provides increased inhibition of scale formation in evaporative desalination units as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An effective amount of a copolymer of maleic acid or anhydride and allyl sulfonic acid when added to the water to be treated provides increased inhibition of scale formation in evaporative desalination units.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the effect of preferentially adsorbed organic molecules on the separation of sodium chloride and product rate is illustrated for the desalination process by reverse osmosis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a hybrid RO-ED commercial plant to desalt sea water based on the combined use of reverse osmosis and electrodialysis in a flexible multi-staged hybrid technique.
TL;DR: By varying feed concentration and temperature of the PV*ED system, it is shown in this paper that one could control the ratio of power to water production within a large range so that various demands for power and water could be met.
TL;DR: The potential applicability of various desalination technologies, such as distillation, RO, ED and VC, is discussed in this paper within the context of the energy sources available in different localities.
Patent•
ARCO1
TL;DR: In this paper, a membrane distillation method for desalination of water by so-called membrane distilled water is described, where saline water is evaporated through the pores of a membrane whose proper operation requires that it not be wetted by either the distilland or distillate.
Abstract: A method and system for desalination of water by so called membrane distillation, wherein saline water is evaporated through the pores of a membrane whose proper operation requires that it not be wetted by either the distilland or distillate. Therefore, liquid intrusion into the pores of the membrane through which the distillate passes must be prevented by the surface tension of the liquid. Surfactants normally found in the saline feed water which have been found to cause liquid intrusion into the pores of the membrane are removed immediately prior to the distillation step by physical or chemical means such as adsorption by activated charcoal.
Patent•
24 Sep 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the desalination of seawater was effected by distillation through a mat or woven tissue to which seawater is applied and from which brine with a higher salt content is extracted after some has been evapd.
Abstract: The desalination of seawater is effected by distillation through a mat or woven tissue to which seawater is applied and from which brine with a higher salt content is extracted after some has been evapd. The water vapour is condensed and used for consumption. The mat is heated by a heat exchanger which is traversed by a circulating heat carrier liq., heated through a solar heat collector. Before the seawater reaches the mat, it is passed through the condenser for the water vapours from the mat. A casing supports a heat exchanger with an inlet and outlet to which a mat has been applied. Seawater is first passed through a condenser with an inlet and outlet and from the latter it is sprayed through nozzles in a pipe over the mat. Brine is discharged through pipe and desalinated water through the pipe. This is a simple and lightweight installation which supplies large quantities of desalinated water and requires no extraneous energy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a family of thin-film composite membranes based on nitrogen-containing polymers supported on a fabric-reinforced porous supporting membrane for reverse osmosis seawater desalination.
TL;DR: In this paper, the two-stage reverse-osmosis process is compared with the process where reverse osmosis is a first stage and electrodialysis is a second stage.
TL;DR: In this article, an R + D partnership for the development and implementation of solar desalination technology has been set up between the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (fundamental development and laboratory testing), Atlantis Energy Ltd. (hardware design, construction and delivery) and the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (field testing).
Patent•
14 Apr 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the reverse osmosis of desalinated water from brine and the reelectrodialysis of conc. salt-contng. water were performed to enhance a plain water-recovering ratio.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To enhance a plain water-recovering ratio, by doing the reverse osmosis of desalinated water from brine and the reelectrodialysis of conc. salt- contng. water, and adding a scale precipitation inhibitor, to both of the brine, to be treated, and the conc. salt-contng. water. CONSTITUTION: The whole amount of conc. water in a tank 8 is introduced along an arrow D into a desalination chamber 2A, while formed desalinated water joins brine-feed line A along an arrow F (the first circulating step). On the other hand, at the side of a conc. salt-contg. water chamber 2B is formed the second circulating step by lines H and G. A pump 5 and a tank 6 are arranged in the second circulating step. As conc. salt-contng. water to be fed to the second circulating step is used one completely different from that in the first circulating step. But the control undermentioned may be done. That is, a part of conc. water from a circulating pump 14 is introduced to prepare the conc. salt- contng. water at the initial stage of operation. When the amount of the conc. salt-contng. water reaches a fixed level, the line is switched to start the operation. COPYRIGHT: (C)1982,JPO&Japio
Patent•
22 Jan 1981TL;DR: In this article, a descending film evaporator with a horizontal nest of evaporator tubes is used for desalination of sea water, where the compressor is arranged in the centre of one end, in line with the central vapour collection space around which the evaporator tube are grouped.
Abstract: Plant for the desalination of sea water consists of an evaporator which is combined in one unit with a vapour compressor, driven by an i.c. engine. The evaporator is a descending film evaporator with a horizontal nest of evaporator tubes. The compressor is arranged in the centre of one end, in line with the central vapour collection space around which the evaporator tubes are grouped. This improves the capacity of a plant without increased capital cost. It operates with very small temp. differentials between heating and boiling space.
TL;DR: In this paper, two kinds of membranes, hollow fiber type Hollosep and Dynamically formed membrane, were tested at high temperature under lower pressure and found to be durable over 70°C at 30 Kg/cm 2.
TL;DR: In this paper, a seawater reverse osmosis system using waste heat from an existing diesel generating unit is described, which is designed to produce 750 cmd of 400 ppm water at an energy consumption of approximately 2.5 KWH of purchased power per cubic meter.
Patent•
12 Jun 1981TL;DR: In this article, a process and an apparatus for desalinating sea water by the gap evaporation principle, water being evaporated from a porous body into a gas gap and then being condensed by a condensation device, is described.
Abstract: A process and an apparatus for desalinating sea water by the gap evaporation principle, water being evaporated from a porous body into a gas gap and then being condensed by a condensation device, is to be further improved with respect to the necessary energy consumption and a high water separation rate. According to the invention, it is provided for this purpose that the sea water is first heated by absorbing the heat of condensation and is then heated by a heat source and that the heated sea water is then passed by the rear side of the porous body. The heat source preferably used is solar energy.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative economic analysis of integrated power and desalination plant optimization as compared with separate power plant and desalinization plant optimization is presented, which shows the necessity of integrating the two processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of failures and outages on the availability and maintainability of a seawater desalination plant has been investigated, and the design configuration of the plant is also found to have an impact on the acceptability of water supply system performance.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the economic benefits of desalination of brackish water supplies were analyzed and shown to exceed costs for some communities with high saline native waters, such as are found in the Arkansas River Valley of eastern Colorado and elsewhere in the Southwest.
TL;DR: In this paper, the most effective additive for high-temperature MSF plants was found to be polyglycol monoalkyl ethers (FLOCON AF-4), which is used commercially as FLOCON Antifoam AF-5.
TL;DR: Fuzzy set theory and MAFDA computer code are used in this analysis to help the decision-makers in selecting the most likely to succeed engineering management strategy for the operation of large desalination plants Saudi Arabia.