Showing papers on "Dibutyl phthalate published in 2023"

Phthalates and their effects on human health: Focus on erythrocytes and the reproductive system.

Abstract: Plastics, long-chain artificial polymers, are used worldwide with a global production of 350 million tonnes per year. Various degradation processes transform plastics into smaller fragments divided into micro, meso and macroplastics. In various industries, such as construction, certain plastic additives are used to improve flexibility and enhance performance. Plastic additives include phthalates (PAE), dibutyl phthalate (DPB) and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Due to the use of plastics and plastic additives, these small fragments of different shapes and colours are present in all environmental compartments. For their characteristics, PAEs can be introduced particularly by ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption. They can accumulate in the human body, where they have already been identified in blood, amniotic fluid and urine. The purpose of this review is to gather the effects that these plastic additives have on various systems in the human body. Being endocrine disruptors, the effects they have on erythrocytes and how they can be considered targets for xenobiotics have been analysed. The influence on the reproductive system was also examined. Phthalates are therefore often overused. Due to their properties, they can reach human tissues and have a negative impact on health. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the presence of phthalates and their hazards. Therefore, the use of these plastic additives should be reduced, replaced and their disposal improved.

Contamination of Water and Sediments of Harike Wetland with Phthalate Esters and Associated Risk Assessment

Abstract: Phthalate esters (PEs) are esters that are used as plasticizers and are widely known for their contamination and toxicological effects on various environmental matrices. The present study is designed to observe the co-occurrence of phthalate esters and their ecotoxicological and human health risk assessments on Harike wetland, Ramsar, a site recognized globally, is the largest freshwater wetland in Northern India. During the winter, summer, and monsoon seasons, samples of the water and sediments were collected. These samples were then analyzed for ubiquitously detected seven PEs as per the literature survey using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. According to the results, the total PEs content in the water sample ranged from 31.5 to 95.6 mg/L, whereas in the sediments it ranged from 35.1 to 345.2 mg/100 g dw. Prominent levels of PEs in water and sediments from the Harike wetland were discovered when compared to studies from different parts of the world. Based on drinking water consumption there is a potentially high risk of PEs especially benzyl butyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate. Further, as per the US Environmental Protection Agency, chronic values of PEs levels in water and sediments are expected to possess a threat to sensitive organisms present in freshwater ecosystems. As far, as this is a detailed study that described the levels and ecotoxicological risks of PEs and is an important reference for the protection of aquatic organisms in the Harike wetland.

[Determination and Traceability Analysis of Phthalic Acid Esters in Garlic (Allium stivum L.) from Jiangsu Province, China].

Abstract: Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and are recognized as a threat to the environment and agricultural product safety across the world. In order to investigate the level of PAEs in garlic, soils, and agricultural films from Pizhou City, Jiangsu province, China, 11 garlic samples, 106 soil samples, and 4 agricultural film samples were collected and analyzed using GC-MS. In addition, the uptake and transport characteristics of six PAEs compounds classified as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the garlic cultivar Daqingke were investigated under hydroponic conditions. The results indicated that dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant PAEs species in garlic cloves of the different garlic varieties from Pizhou City. The average contents of DBP and DEHP in garlic cloves were 0.611 mg·kg-1 and 0.167 mg·kg-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the commercial varieties of garlic. The concentrations of DBP and DEHP differed in three tissues of garlic bulbs, ordered as the skin of garlic bulb>skin of garlic clove>garlic clove. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), DBP, and DEHP were the main PAEs species and were detected in all the surface soils collected from Pizhou City. Compared with the soil allowable concentrations of the six PAEs in the United States, the DMP and DBP concentrations in approximately 100% and 63.2% of soil samples exceeded the recommended allowable concentrations set by the EPA. However, the levels of DEP, DIBP, and DEHP in the soils were below the maximum allowable concentrations set by the EPA. Nevertheless, the average content of DEHP in soils was 486 μg·kg-1 and was found to be much higher than that in the other four PAEs. Six PAEs, including DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and DEHP, were detected in all the agricultural film samples. Among them, the contents of DBP and DEHP in the agricultural films were the highest, accounting for 53.7%-63.2% of the total PAEs. The amount of PAEs present in the residual film was significantly lower than that in the new film, and all six PAEs were detected in garlic or soil samples, suggesting that agricultural film can be an important source of PAEs in garlic farming soils and garlic. Furthermore, the garlic plants absorbed DMP and DEP efficiently from the substrate and showed higher translocation factors (TFs) for DMP and DEP than those for DBP, BBP, DEHP, and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), resulting in a higher accumulation of DMP and DEP in the over-ground parts of garlic. In contrast, DBP and BBP in roots of garlic displayed higher bioconcentration factors (57.4 and 81.5, respectively) compared to those of the other four PAEs, whereas the TFs of DBP and BBP were lower; this may have contributed to the high accumulation of DBP in garlic bulbs. The BCFs and TFs of DEHP and DnOP in garlic were relatively lower, but the DEHP had been detected in all garlic cloves, which may be a result of the higher DEHP contents in soils.

Exploring Potent Fungal Isolates from Sanitary Landfill Soil for In Vitro Degradation of Dibutyl Phthalate

Abstract: Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most extensively used plasticizers for providing elasticity to plastics. Being potentially harmful to humans, investigating eco-benign options for its rapid degradation is imperative. Microbe-mediated DBP mineralization is well-recorded, but studies on the pollutant’s fungal catabolism remain scarce. Thus, the present investigation was undertaken to exploit the fungal strains from toxic sanitary landfill soil for the degradation of DBP. The most efficient isolate, SDBP4, identified on a molecular basis as Aspergillus flavus, was able to mineralize 99.34% dibutyl phthalate (100 mg L−1) within 15 days of incubation. It was found that the high production of esterases by the fungal strain was responsible for the degradation. The strain also exhibited the highest biomass (1615.33 mg L−1) and total soluble protein (261.73 µg mL−1) production amongst other isolates. The DBP degradation pathway scheme was elucidated with the help of GC-MS-based characterizations that revealed the formation of intermediate metabolites such as benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP), dimethyl-phthalate (DMP), di-iso-butyl-phthalate (DIBP) and phthalic acid (PA). This is the first report of DBP mineralization assisted with A. flavus, using it as a sole carbon source. SDBP4 will be further formulated to develop an eco-benign product for the bioremediation of DBP-contaminated toxic sanitary landfill soils.

Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of phthalate esters in 51 urban wastewater treatment plants in Shaanxi Province, China

Abstract: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are both a major collection point for phthalate esters (PAEs) and an important point source for their entry into the natural water environment. In this study, we conducted a large-scale investigation on the occurrence, distribution and ecological risk of PAEs in 51 WWTPs in Shaanxi Province, which is located in the north-south transition zone of China. Benzylbutyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate were the major compounds in the influent and effluent, respectively, with average concentrations of 32.97 and 18.07 μg/L. However, there was no significant spatial difference in the concentration of PAEs in WWTPs wastewater in different regions of Shaanxi Province. The removal effect of PAEs from wastewater varied with different treatment processes for WWTPs. The anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O) process showed the highest removal efficiency of ∑PAEs, which could reach 89.34 %. A risk quotient (RQ) was used to calculate the ecological risk posed by the PAEs detected in the effluent. Diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate pose medium to high ecological risk to receiving waters (RQ = 0.51–3.70). It was estimated that the annual mass load of PAEs discharged to receiving water bodies through WWTPs wastewater in all Shaanxi Province was 32.34 tons.

Toxicological and hygienic assessment of phthalate content in bottled drinking water

Abstract: Introduction. One of the most common materials containing phthalate impurities is packaging made of polymer materials (bottles). Bottles made of the following material are used for packaged (bottled) drinking water - polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The toxicological properties of phthalates, the increase in consumption of bottled water and uncertainty about the effect of storage conditions on the migration of phthalates into water initiates research on the toxicological and hygienic assessment of the content of phthalates in polymer packaging for bottled drinking water.The purpose of study was the toxicological and hygienic assessment of the content of di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP); di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP); diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) in drinking water packed in polymer material. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were bottles samples made in the Russian Federation. The obtained extracts (containers and model medium) were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The values of daily consumption of phthalates with bottled water for adults and children were calculated, safety coefficients were determined taking into account the maximum concentrations obtained in the experiment. Results. As a result of polymer materials studies, it was found that bottle samples contain residual amounts of phthalates – DEHP 1.7–4.2 mg/kg; DnBP <2.4–31.3 mg/kg; DiBP 2.2–10.2 2 mg/kg. Migration of phthalates into aqueous model media was noted from all the samples studied.In the samples of model solutions in contact with PET material, on the 30th day at a temperature of 20 °C, the presence of 2 phthalates: DEHP 8.6–71.0 µ/l and DiBF <2.6 to 19.2 µ/l. Comparison of phthalate concentrations in model media with the values of permissible daily consumption showed that bottled water provides a limited contribution to the total daily exposure of phthalates. Conclusion. The study results showed that the packaging made of PET is a source of chemical contamination of bottled water, which is based on the processes of migration of organic components from polymer materials. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the ability to migrate di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate, which can lead to excess of hygienic standards for drinking water.

Validated and selective potentiometric analysis of anti-coagulant edoxaban via a screen-printed electrode: green assessment by Eco-Scale and Complex-GAPI

Abstract: Abstract Thromboembolism because of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) resulted in increasing the number of sudden deaths after recovery. So, patients were switched to edoxaban tosylate monohydrate (EDTM) therapy after low molecular weight heparin to shorten the hospitalization period. In response to increase the demand for EDTM, we developed a home-made screen-printed electrode to determine EDTM in its pure form and pharmaceutical dosage form. Optimized conditions were achieved with a screen-printed electrode utilizing EDTM-Phosphotungstic acid (EDTM-PTA) as an ion pair complex and a plasticizer dibutyl phthalate with a Nernstian slope of 58.78 ± 0.1 mV decade −1 at the concentrations ranging from 5.0 × 10 –6 to 1.0 × 10 –2 M EDTM ( R 2 = 0.9985). The detection limit was 4.3 × 10 –6 M. Our method was proven to be eco-friendly after assessment by Eco-Scale and Complex-GAPI. The results obtained were validated according to ICH guidelines and were found to agree with those gained from the reference method.

Chemical and Biological Investigations of the Leaf Extracts of Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae)

Abstract: Introduction: Andrographis paniculata is a plant employed in traditional medicine among the natives of Owerri, Eastern Nigeria, in the management of several ailments. In this study the leaf was investigated for its chemical constituents and to validate its antimicrobial activity in ethnomedicine. Methods: The fresh leaf of the plant was steam-distilled to obtain the volatile oil which was subjected to FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. The powdered air-dried leaf was also extracted with methanol to obtain the crude extract which was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The crude methanolic extract was also partitioned into hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and 50% methanol in chloroform to obtain the corresponding fractions. The crude extract and fractions were tested for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The biologically active chloroform fraction was further purified using column chromatography and the fractions subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results: The steam distillation gave an oil and the GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, dibutyl phthalate, 8,11-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, sterols/steroids, flavonoids, volatile oils, terpenoids, saponins and phenols. Among the extractives, the chloroform-soluble fraction showed the highest activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis while none of the extracts was active against C. albicans and A. niger. It was also found that the hexane-soluble fraction was inactive against all the test organisms while the ethylacetate-soluble fraction showed the broadest spectrum of anti-bacterial activity. Column chromatographic separation of the biologically active chloroform-soluble fraction gave fractions which on GC-MS analysis and by comparison with the standard library computer MS data led to the identification of some chemical constituents, including aromatic compounds, sterols, alicyclics and long-chain hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds such as carboxylic acids, esters and lactones. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity exhibited by the leaf extracts support the traditional medicinal use of the leaf to manage infections. Also, the presence of the identified phyto-constituents may be responsible for the ethno-medicinal properties of the plant.

A survey of phthalates in flavored olive oils from Turkey

Abstract: Phthalates are organic contaminants that are used as plasticizers in many plastic food packaging materials. Because of their lipophilic character, oils are the primary source of human exposure to phthalates. In this study, the presence of five phthalate esters; diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in olive oils flavored with different materials and marketed in Turkey in 2020 was determined. The samples included BBP, DINP, DIDP at lower concentrations than their LOQ. DEHP was the most abundant phthalate in all samples at varying concentrations between < LOQ to 1.81 mg/kg. The highest amount of DEHP was found in the oil sample flavored with bergamot (1.81 mg/kg). DBP was detected in 9 of the 25 samples at concentrations from 0.11 to 0.27 mg/kg.

Loss of Nuclear/DNA Integrity in Mouse Epididymal Spermatozoa after Short-Term Exposure to Low Doses of Dibutyl Phthalate or Bisphenol AF and Its Mitigation by Oral Antioxidant Supplementation

Abstract: Routine exposure to chemicals omnipresent in the environment, particularly the so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), has been associated with decreased sperm quality and increased anomalies in testis. The decline in semen quality and testicular abnormalities have been attributed to the disruption of endocrine signaling as well as oxidative stress. The present study set out to examine the effect of short-term exposure of two common EDCs widely used in the plastic industry: Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) and Bisphenol AF (BPAF). Our research objective was to focus on the post-testicular compartment of the epididymis, where spermatozoa acquire their functional capacity and are stored. The data obtained indicated no significant effect for either chemicals on sperm viability, motility or acrosome integrity. Neither of the EDCs had a noticeable effect on the structures of the testis and epididymis. However, substantial impact on the integrity of the sperm nucleus and DNA structure was evidenced by a significant increase in nuclear decondensation and DNA base oxidation. The damage observed was postulated to arise from the pro-oxidant properties of the EDCs generating excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggering a state of oxidative stress. This hypothesis was confirmed when the observed damage was largely blocked by co-administering EDCs with an evidenced-based antioxidant formulation.

Preparation and characterisation of photoresponsive molecularly imprinting polymer nanoparticles with hollow structure for extraction and enrichment of dibutyl phthalate

Abstract: Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), as a plasticizer, has been widely used in the manufacture of plastic products. However, it is generally acknowledged that DBP is an endocrine disruptor, which would cause harm to both humans and wildlife. Generally, trace DBP in river water, soil or food is hard to be detected accurately. To solve this case, a core-shell hollow structured molecularly imprinting polymer, PH-MIPs, was synthesised via surface imprinting technology. It is noteworthy that the prepared PH-MIPs can specifically absorb and release DBP irradiated by different wavelengths of light. More importantly, the absorption capacity of PH-MIPs reaches up to 5.2 mg·g−1 without obvious attenuation in absorption performance after 4 loops of photo-controlled uptake and release of DBP. Furthermore, the PH-MIPs exhibit excellent selective absorption properties, supported by an imprinting factor of 3.4. Finally, the prepared PH-MIPs were applied to enrich and extract DBP in river water samples with the recovery rate of 83.2%. In general, the proposed PH-MIPs exhibit excellent practicability, which offers a method for the content determination of DBP as a high-efficiency solid-phase extractant for the enrichment and extraction of target pollutants.

Selective Ion‐pair Potentiometric Sensor for the Determination of Ondansetron Hydrochloride in Different Matrixes

Abstract: A facile, novel, and, sensitive potentiometric sensor has been developed to quantitatively determine ondansetron hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The sensor comprised an ion-pair between ondansetron hydrochloride and ammonium reineckate reagent, as an electrochemically active substance, on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix. Synthesis optimization was carried out by firstly altering the proportion of the ion-pair, PVC, and the plasticizer and subsequently, many plasticizer types have been investigated to realize the best performance. The optimum electrode consisted of 48.5 % polyvinyl chloride, 48.5 % dibutyl phthalate, and 3 % ionic pair complex and has shown a respectful Nernstian relationship within a linear range of (5.06×10−6–2592.92×10−6 M) and a slope of 57.277 mV×decade−1 in response to the drug. The electrode worked perfectly in a pH range of (1.9–6.1) where the analyte kept dissolved. Interestingly, the electrode demonstrated a fast response time of 30 sec, a lower limit of detection of 4.83×10−6 M, and an electrode lifetime of up to 30 days. The prepared electrode was applied successfully to determine the drug in its pharmaceutical dosage forms and the method validity was established. Hence, the electrode might be applied easily for the routine analysis of ondansetron hydrochloride in both scientific labs and drug industry.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Phthalate Esters in Tea Plants Growing Different Geographical Environments and an Attempt on Their Risk Assessment.

Abstract: The phthalate esters (PAEs) have become ubiquitous pollutants. In the present work, we investigated their pollution on teas. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP) were detected in all fresh tea leaves with DBP being the major congener of PAEs in teas followed by DiBP and DEHP. Seasonal variation, spatial distribution difference, correlationship of environmental factors, and potential health risks of PAEs were analyzed. The PAEs content in one bud and two leaves was lower than that in upper mature leaves in tea plants. The PAEs content in fresh tea leaves was the lowest in spring, while it was high in autumn and winter. The correlation analysis results showed that PAEs had significantly negative correlation with ambient air temperature, while it was positively correlated with the air quality index. PAEs analysis of spring tea in Anhui and Zhejiang provinces further indicated that the factor of provincial regions had little impact on the PAEs pollution level in tea. By contrast, the different environmental areas significantly affected PAE pollution, especially the agricultural areas. The human daily intake-based (13 g/day) risk assessment indicated that both the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks (1.76 × 10-7-6.12 × 10-7) of PAEs via tea consumption were acceptable, with the estrogen equivalence (1.60-6.29 ng E2/kg) being at a medium level. This study provides significant information for pollution control and risk assessment of PAEs in Chinese tea production.