Showing papers on "Emulsified fuel published in 2008"

Solid-stabilized emulsions

Abstract: The comprehension of bulk properties of solid-stabilized emulsions (stability, compressibility, elasticity) in relation with interfacial properties has progressed. The association of oil, water and particles allows a large set of materials to be obtained, where emulsions are used either as intermediate or end products. The efficiency of some stimulus-responsive particles to stabilize or destabilize emulsions "on demand" has been experimentally evidenced.

Nanoscale double emulsions stabilized by single-component block copolypeptides

Abstract: Water-in-oil-in-water emulsions are examples of double emulsions, in which dispersions of small water droplets within larger oil droplets are themselves dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase Emulsions occur in many forms of processing and are used extensively by the foods, cosmetics and coatings industries Because of their compartmentalized internal structure, double emulsions can provide advantages over simple oil-in-water emulsions for encapsulation, such as the ability to carry both polar and non-polar cargos, and improved control over release of therapeutic molecules The preparation of double emulsions typically requires mixtures of surfactants for stability; the formation of double nanoemulsions, where both inner and outer droplets are under 100 nm, has not yet been achieved Here we show that water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions can be prepared in a simple process and stabilized over many months using single-component, synthetic amphiphilic diblock copolypeptide surfactants These surfactants even stabilize droplets subjected to extreme flow, leading to direct, mass production of robust double nanoemulsions that are amenable to nanostructured encapsulation applications in foods, cosmetics and drug delivery

Microgels as stimuli-responsive stabilizers for emulsions.

Abstract: Temperature- and pH-sensitive microgels from cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-methacrylic acid are utilized for emulsion stabilization. The pH- and temperature-dependent stability of the prepared emulsion was characterized. Stable emulsions are obtained at high pH and room temperature. Emulsions with polar oils, like 1-octanol, can be broken by either addition of acid or an increase of temperature, whereas emulsions with unpolar oils do not break upon these stimuli. However, complete phase separation, independent of oil polarity, can be achieved by successive acid addition and heating. This procedure also offers a way to recover and recycle the microgel from the sample. Interfacial dilatational rheology data correlate with the stimuli sensitivity of the emulsion, and a strong dependence of the interfacial elastic and loss moduli on pH and temperature was found. The influence of the preparation method on the type of emulsion is demonstrated. The mean droplet size of the emulsions is characterize...

Effect of oil soluble surfactant in emulsions stabilised by clay particles.

Abstract: Although surfactants and particles are often mixed together in emulsions, the contribution of each species to the stabilisation of the oil-water interface is poorly understood. We report the results of investigations into the formation of emulsions from solutions of surfactant in oil and aqueous suspensions of laponite. Depending on the salt concentration in the aqueous suspensions, the laponite dispersed as individual disc-shaped particles, 30 nm in diameter, or flocculated into aggregates tens of micrometres in diameter. At the concentrations studied, the flocculated particles alone stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. Synergistic interactions between the particles and octadecylamine at the oil-water interface reduced the average emulsion drop size, while antagonistic interactions with octadecanoic acid enhanced coalescence processes in the emulsions. The state of particle dispersion had dramatic effects on the emulsions formed. Measurements of the oil-water interfacial tension revealed the origins of the interactions between the surfactants and particles.

Characteristics of auto-ignition and micro-explosion behavior of a single droplet of water-in-fuel

Abstract: The characteristics of auto-ignition and micro-explosion behaviors of a single fuel droplet have been investigated experimentally with varying droplet sizes, ambient temperature, and water content. The fuel used for this experiment was pure n-decane, which was emulsified with several water content varied from 10% to 30% to compare the effects of water content in the emulsified fuel. Imaging with a high-speed digital camera was adopted to measure the ignition delay and flame life-time, as well as to observe micro-explosion behavior. The increase of droplet size and furnace temperature causes a decrease of the ignition delay time. The flame life-time is augmented as the droplet size increases, however it doesn’t seem to be affected by the ambient temperature relatively. As the water content increases, the ignition delay increases and the micro-explosion behavior is strengthened. The start timings of micro-explosion and fuel puffing are compared for different droplet sizes and the amount of water content.

Modelling and characterisation of diluted and concentrated water-in-crude oil emulsions: comparison with classical behaviour

Abstract: Water-in-oil type emulsions can be formed during the crude oil production process. The presence of natural surfactants in oil (asphaltenes, resins) and mechanical stirring (piping/well system) produce emulsions, the stability and rheological behaviour of which depend mainly on the chemical composition of the oil and the internal phase concentration. In this work, water (brine 8 g NaCl/cm3) in oil (crude oil) emulsions were prepared and characterised by varying the internal phase concentration (5–80%). Rheological properties are discussed according to the composition of the oil and the temperature of the system. Relative viscosity was modelled following the classical models of Mooney and Krieger and Dougherty, but the best-fitting model for the experimental results was found with an exponential type equation between relative viscosity and volume fraction, as proposed by Richardson. Moreover, we observed that the plastic behaviour determined through the yield stress determination depended not only on the internal phase concentration but also on the temperature. Quantitative analysis of the emulsions’ viscoelastic parameters (storage and loss modulus) was made. In the case of concentrated emulsions (containing over 70% of internal phase), Princen’s theory of the high internal phase ratio emulsions (HIPRES) was verified.

Pesticides as Microemulsion Formulations

Abstract: Conventional systems like wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates (ECs), oil in water emulsions (O/W emulsions), water in oil emulsions (W/O emulsions), aqueous suspension concentrates etc. are popularly used as the pesticide formulations. However, the microemulsion systems are preferred for their long-term thermodynamic stability, low viscosity, cost economy, and aesthetic appeal. Such systems provide a method for preparing an isotropic mixture of oil and water. Major advantage of microemulsion is in usage of the widely, easily available, environmentally friendly, and least expensive diluents, water. Formulation of pesticide microemulsion is a difficult task. The present investigation deals with the systematic study to arrive at the economical composition for microemulsion and solubilized systems. These compositions gave maximum stability with the optimum usage of surfactants. The microemulsion and solubilized systems when further diluted with water gave macroemulsion and microemulsion respectively, ...

Stable double emulsions

Abstract: The invention relates to double emulsions, in particular double emulsions of the water-in-oil-in-water type, which are organoleptically similar to full-fat oil in water emulsions and which are stabilised by mixture of emulsifiers. The invention also relates to a method for producing said double emulsions, and to the use of a mixture of emulsifier for stabilising said emulsions.

Guidelines for Processing Emulsion-Based Foods

Abstract: Emulsions are dispersions of one liquid into the second immiscible liquid in the form of fine droplets. Emulsions can be classified as either oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions depending on whether oil or water is the dispersed phase. Milk, cream and sauces are some examples of oil-in-water emulsions whereas butter and margarine are examples of water-in-oil emulsions. This chapter discusses the physical principles that are involved in the formation and stability of food emulsions. Prediction of droplet size distribution for food emulsions that are formed in colloid mill (predominantly by shear) and high pressure homogenizer (predominantly by turbulence) in terms of operating conditions in these equipments is discussed. The fluid mechanics of droplet breakage and coalescence in shear and turbulence are discussed and applied to the formation of food emulsions and to the prediction of drop size. The role of proteins and surfactants on the stability of emulsions is discussed. The effect of interfacial dilatational and shear elasticity on thin film stability and drop coalescence is described. Some recent results of a new technique, layer by layer deposition, to improve the shelf life of emulsions by using alternate layers of proteins and polysaccharides is presented. Thermodynamics and phase behavior of microemulsions and its application to food is discussed.

An Experimental Investigation of the Characteristics of the Secondary Atomization and Spray Combustion for Emulsified Fuel

Abstract: In this study, a single droplet experiment and a spray combustion experiment for an emulsified fuel were carried out. The purpose of the single droplet experiment was to investigate the characteristics of the secondary atomization and the dominant factor in determining micro-explosion or puffing. In the spray combustion experiment, the spray combustion characteristics of the emulsified fuel used in the single droplet experiment were investigated. In the single droplet experiment, individual emulsified fuel droplets suspended from a thermocouple were set into an electric furnace. As a result, many forms of secondary atomization were observed. While the superheat temperature ranged between 50 and 80 K at the occurrence of micro-explosion, it ranged between 20 and 50 K when puffing occurred. It was found that the probability of the micro-explosion increased with an increase in the superheat temperature. The emulsified fuel had a drastic effect on the spray combustion characteristics. When the emulsified fuel was used, the gas temperature was reduced in the upstream region. However, the gas temperature increased rapidly and there was no peak of the gas temperature in the axial direction, unlike kerosene. Moreover, the radial distribution of the gas temperature of the emulsified fuel became uniform, also unlike kerosene, as a result of the improvement of the evaporation and the mixing caused by the secondary atomization as shown in the single droplet experiment.

Using oily wastewater emulsified fuel in boiler: energy saving and reduction of air pollutant emissions.

Abstract: The limited data for using emulsified oil have demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing flue gas pollutant emissions. The presence of a high concentration of toxic organic compounds in industrial wastewaters always presents significant problems. Therefore, this study was undertaken by using wastewater with COD of 9600 mg/L and total petroleum hydrocarbons-gasoline 440 mg/L for making an emulsified oil (wastewater content 20% with 0.1% surfactant) to evaluate the extent of reductions in both criteria pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For comparison, two other systems (heavy oil fuel and water-emulsified oil) were also conducted. The wastewater-emulsified oil fuel results in significant reductions in particulate matter (PM), NO(x), SO2, and CO as compared to heavy oil fuel and similar to those from water/oil emulsified fuel; for PM, it is better in wastewater-emulsified oil. The reductions of total PAH flue gas emissions are 38 and 30% for wastewater- and water-emulsified fuel, respectively; they are 63 and 44% for total BaP(eq), respectively. In addition to reducing flue gas pollutant emissions, the results also demonstrate that the use of wastewater-emulsified fuel in boiler operation provides several advantages: (1) safe disposal of industrial wastewater; and (2) energy savings of about 13%. Thus, wastewater/oil-emulsified fuel is highly suitable for use in boilers.

Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in a Selected Emulsified Fuel Ratio and Comparing It to Diesel Fuel

Abstract: In this present work, investigations are carried out to study the performance and emission characteristics of adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an additive with the selected ratio of the emulsifie...

Oil spill dispersion stability and oil re-surfacing

Abstract: This paper summarizes the data and the theory of oil-in-water emulsion stability resulting in oil spill dispersion re-surfacing. There is an extensive body of literature on surfactants and interfacial chemistry, including experimental data on emulsion stability. The phenomenon of resurfacing oil is the result of two separate processes: de stabilization of an oil-in-water emulsion and desorption of surfactant from the oil-water interface which leads to further de stabilization. The de stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions such as chemical oil dispersions is a consequence of the fact that no emulsions are thermodynamically stable. Ultimately, natural forces move the emulsions to a stable state, which consists of separated oil and water. What is important is the rate at which this occurs. An emulsion is said to be kinetically stable when significant separation (usually considered to be half or 50% of the dispersed phase) occurs outside of the usable time. There are several forces and processes tha...

Composition Ripening in Mixed Water-in-Oil Emulsions Stabilized with Solid Particles

Abstract: Water and oil transport in emulsified systems is far from being elucidated. Calorimetric analysis has proved to be an appropriate technique to study composition ripening in mixed water in oil emulsions. In this article, the role of the stabilizing agent is studied and particular attention is given to emulsions stabilized solely with solid particles. Mixed emulsions are prepared by mixing two simple water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, one with pure water droplets and one with droplets containing an aqueous urea solution. At different time intervals, a sample is introduced in a calorimeter cell and submitted to successive cooling and heating cycles. During the cooling phase, the aqueous internal phase solidifies at a temperature which depends on its composition. Just after the mixed emulsion was prepared, the calorimetric experiment identified two solidification peaks, one corresponding to pure water droplets, and the other one to urea solutions. After a long enough stabilization time, just one peak was observed,...

It's effects for engine emission of water/oil emulsified fuel

Abstract: In this study, the characteristics of emulsified fuel and engine emissions were studied. Emulsified fuel which composed of water and diesel was manufactured by using homogenizer and ultrasonic generator. Engine emissions were studied whit engine dinamometer. In emulsified fuel, density and viscosity were increased with increasing water contents, but viscosity was decreased over 60% of water in emulsion fuel. The emulsion type of W/O changed to that of O/W over 60% of water in emulsion fuel. In the results of engine dinamometer test, NOx concentration and smoke density were reduced with increasing water contents in emulsified fuel but reciprocal in the case of THC, CO. Temperature and power were reduced with increasing water contents in emulsion fuel. In conclusion, it seemed that using emulsified fuel for diesel engine was effective for reducing NOx concentration and smoke density.

Process for manufacturing emulsified fuels by using oily water

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing emulsified fuels by using “oily water” that is proceeded by following steps: (1) preparing the “oily water” that has 0.02—30% (w/w) of combustible fuels dissolved in water and is blended with surfactants (or called as emulsifiers) by 0.01˜3% (w/w); (2) primarily mixing the emulsified “oily water with surfactants”, that was finished by step (1), with 60˜95% (w/w) of heavy fuel oil (abbreviation as heavy oil) or with 75˜98% (w/w) of diesel, respectively; and (3) keeping the mixtures that were finished by step (2), respectively, and mixed up further by using homogenizer to become an “oily water emulsified heavy oil” (OWEH) or an “oily water emulsified diesel” (OWED).

Observation of Microexplosions in Spray Flames of Light Oil-Water Emulsions (3rd Report, Influence of the Diameter of Dispersed Water Droplets on the Spray Flame Structure)

Abstract: Microexplosions of light oil-water emulsified fuel droplets were successfully documented using a high-speed video camera with laser illumination. The local frequency of explosion occurrence, temperature profile and exhaust gas emission were measured in spray flames of water-in oil type emulsion formed using an air-assist atomizer with a ring pilot burner. Those results indicate that the flame structure changes as the water droplet diameter in the emulsion fuel was varied, even if the fuel components and their fractions were same. When fuel includes water droplets, whose median diameter was around 75μm, HC and CO emissions were reduced as compared to those for the fuel of smaller water droplet content. It is probable that if the water droplet diameter is uniform, avalanching microexplosions occur at certain local region in the flame, and the water content vaporizes almost at once and extinguishes the flame. It leads to HC and CO emission increase. When the water droplet diameters are large, atomizer atomizes those; therefore, emulsion droplets include various size of water droplet in the flame. Consequently, the avalanching microexplosion occurrence is avoided, and HC and CO emissions are reduced.

Apparatus for producing emulsified fuel and method for producing emulsified fuel

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an apparatus for producing an emulsified fuel by which the emulsified fuel which has high combustion efficiency and whose quality is maintained for a long time is flexibly formed with a simple construction and to provide a method for producing the emulsified fuel. SOLUTION: The apparatus 1 for producing the emulsified fuel by mixing an oil B, water C, an emulsifier D and a gas A comprising an oxygen gas, an oxygen-containing gas or a hydrogen-containing gas under pressure includes a pressure vessel 10 provided with an inlet part 12 and an outlet part 11 and a circulation piping 20 for circulating a content product derived from the outlet part 11 and reintroducing the content product into the pressure vessel from the inlet part 12. The circulation piping 20 is provided with a gas introducing means 21 for introducing the pressurized gas, a liquid conveying means 22 for circulating the content product and a mixing means 23 for mixing the liquid and gas. An added water mixing part provided with a pressure vessel and a circulation piping for mixing the water C, the emulsifier D and the gas A under pressure may be further included as a prior step. COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Oil- n-water emulsions

Abstract: The present invention relates to oil-in-water emulsions comprising at least one hydrophobically modified polysaccharide, at least one hydrophobically modified polyacrylate, at least one fatty substance, and water and use thereof in cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions.

Emulsified fuel feeder

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To stably feed emulsified fuel having a desired water ratio to an engine without complicating control in a structure reusing surplus emulsion. SOLUTION: This emulsified fuel feeder includes: an emulsified fuel generation section (10) generating emulsified fuel by mixing fuel oil fed from fuel oil feeding means (11, 15), water fed from water feeding means (12, 16), and emulsifiers fed from emulsifier feeding means (13, 17); an injecting/feeding section (20) injecting/feeding the emulsified fuel generated by the emulsified fuel generation section (10) to the combustion chamber (3) of an engine (1); and an emulsified fuel separation section (30) separating surplus emulsified fuel from the injecting/feeding section (20) into fuel oil and water and feeding the separated fuel oil and water to the emulsified fuel generation section (10). COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Diesel Combustion with Microscopic Monodispersion Emulsified Fuel Using a Membrane for Multi Porous Glass

Abstract: Water to gas oil (W/O) emulsified diesel fuel has been researched actively to reduce the load on the environment. However, this is due to the large drop-size distribution and the polydispersion W/O emulsion produced by an agitation-type method. We examined the characteristics of the microscopic-monodispersion emulsified fuel by using a Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane, which was made from volcanic ash called “Shirasu”. The microscopic emulsion from the 1-micrometer pore diameter of the SPG membrane was examined with respect to the combustion characteristics on a direct diesel engine. The major results are as follows; (1) The particle size of gas oil emulsion increases to about 3.5 times the pore size of the original SPG membrane. (2) The particle distribution showed monodispersion and, thus, can make an ideal monodispersion microscopic W/O emulsified fuel for diesel engines. (3) By using the microscopic monodispersion emulsified fuel we can remarkably reduce the both emissions of NOx, CO, HC, Soot and PM, and fuel consumption by 5-15% compared the base gas oil.

Mixed oil manufacturing apparatus using heavy oil and waste oil

Abstract: An apparatus for producing emulsified fuel using heavy oil and waste oil is provided to increase consumption efficiency of heavy oil and suppress the generation of smoke during the combustion, thereby reduce environmental pollution by producing an emulsified fuel in which heavy oil and water are stably mixed with each other, and use the waste oils as fuel by recycling various waste oils including edible oils and lubricants used in various machinery and equipment. An apparatus for producing emulsified fuel using heavy oil and waste oil comprises: a fuel tank(100) for supplying fuel oil(1); a water tank(200) for supplying water(2); a mixer(300) for mixing the fuel oil of the fuel tank with water of the water tank; an agitator(400) for agitating a mixed oil in a state that the fuel oil is mixed with water in the mixer again; an emulsifier(500) for finely pulverizing the mixed oil agitated through the agitator to emulsify the mixed oil; and a storage tank(600) for storing emulsified fuel discharged from the emulsifier. The mixer includes: a first vessel including first and second inlets, a first outlet, a first housing part, and a first heating unit; a first impeller installed in the first housing part; and a first motor for providing the first impeller with rotary power. The first heating unit includes a first steam inlet and a first steam outlet, and a first heating pipe. The mixer further includes a first temperature gauge installed in the first vessel. The fuel tank is connected to the mixer by a first pipe(110) on which a first flow meter(112) is installed. The water tank is connected to the mixer by a second pipe(120) on which a second flow meter(122) is installed. The mixer is connected to the agitator by a third pipe(130) on which a switch valve(132) is installed to control inflow of mixed oil into the agitator.

Device for generating emulsified fuel not including emulsifier and combustor

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a device for generating emulsified fuel not including an emulsifier. SOLUTION: The device for generating the emulsified fuel includes: an oil feed line directly attached to a precedent stage of a fuel feed part of a combustor, and including first piping feeding fuel oil and an oil pump connected to the first piping and pressurizing the fuel oil; a water feed line including second piping feeding water and a water pump connected to the second piping and pressurizing the water; an ejector 21 merging the oil feed line and the water feed line; and a mixer connected to a discharge opening of the ejector. At least two types of spaces with different inner diameters are continuously formed on a connection part of the oil feed line and the water feed line of the ejector. COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Preliminary economic assessment of emulsified fuls manufacturing

Abstract: This paper is aiming to obtain some relevant data regarding the technical and economical feasibility of emulsified fuels technology and to evaluate the profitability of its use as alternative combustibles for boilers. The first part of the paper presents the main results published in the open literature, whereas in the second part it is described a preliminary economic evaluation of the emulsion prepared in a laboratory scale technology, based on the cost elements available to date. The emulsified fuels, new products recently introduced on the market, must be economically competitive, in order to be promoted as fuels for heating. The described preliminary assessment of the laboratory scale technology for the production of emulsified fuels takes into consideration the available data regarding the process structure as well as raw materials and energy consumptions.