Showing papers on "Four-stroke engine published in 2021"

Combustion investigation of ternary blend mixture of biodiesel/n-butanol/diesel: CI engine performance and emission control

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the effects of a novel ternary blend of n-butanol and castor oil methyl ester (COME) with petro-diesel on combustion, engine performance and emission characteristics of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine and to obtain optimum blending proportion which can simultaneously reduce UHC, CO, and NOx without affecting engine performance. A quick and simple approach involving a single zone combustion model coupled with double and triple Wiebe functions has been successfully applied to analyze combustion behavior of binary and ternary fuel blends respectively. Neat diesel was used as a baseline fuel to compare combustion, performance and emission characteristics with binary and ternary fuel blends (B30, B20Bu10, B10Bu20 and B15Bu15). Apparent heat release rate (AHRR) calculated from the model is in good agreement (RMSE ≤ 1.33) with experimental values. Peak AHRR values (J/°CA) for fuel blends B30, B20Bu10, B15Bu15, B10Bu20 and neat diesel were found to be 26.1, 29.4, 32.7, 37.1, and 36.1 respectively. The ignition delay period was not affected for B30 blend however it was observed to be increased by 2.89–3.35°CA for n-butanol blended fuels. Results of B30 fuel blend showed reduction in BTE by 1–3% with increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The results of ternary fuel blend (B15Bu15) showed improvement in engine performance characteristics whereas NOx emission was reduced in the range of 20–60% compared to B30. Detrimental effect on engine performance, emission characteristics and combustion behavior was observed for B10Bu20. Therefore, B15Bu15 was considered as an optimum fuel blend.

Effects of Various Fuels on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Four-Stroke Dual-Fuel Marine Engine

Abstract: A numerical study was carried out to investigate the effects of methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), and dimethyl ether (DME) on the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-stroke gas-diesel dual-fuel (DF) marine engine at full load. Three-dimensional simulations of the combustion process and emission formation inside the engine cylinder in the diesel and DF modes were performed using the AVL FIRE R2018a simulation software to analyze the in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and emission characteristics. The simulation results agreed well with the measured values reported in the engine shop test technical data. The simulation results showed reductions in the in-cylinder peak pressure and temperatures, as well as the emission formations, in the DF modes in comparison to the diesel mode. The DF mode could significantly reduce nitric oxide (NO) emissions (up to 96.225%) of DME compared to the diesel mode. Meanwhile, C3H8 and CH4 fuels effectively reduced the soot (up to 82.78%) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (by 21.33%), respectively, compared to the diesel mode. However, the results also showed longer ignition delay times of the combustion processes when the engine operated in the DF mode, particularly in the DME-diesel mode. The combustion and emission characteristics of the engine were also analyzed when varying the injection timing; the results showed that applying the injection timing adjustment method could further address NO emission problems but led to a decrease in the engine power. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the benefits and disadvantages of adopting the injection timing adjustment strategy to address certain engine emission problems. This study successfully analyzed the benefits of using various gas fuels as alternative fuels and the injection timing adjustment method in DF marine engines to meet the International Maritime Organization (IMO) emission regulations without the use of any emission after-treatment devices.

CI engine performance and emissions with waste cooking oil biodiesel boosted with hydrogen supplement under different load and engine parameters

Abstract: This research article deals with the variable parametric study on dual fuel compression ignition engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel with hydrogen supplement at atmospheric condition. The parametric study include variation in engine speed (18–30 rev/sec), gaseous fuel flow rate (0–18.4LPM), pilot fuel flow rate (9.92–15.79Mlpm) and ignition timing (20–45° BTDC). The experiment was conducted on a four stroke, 0.5-liter single cylinder E6 Ricardo engine. From the experimentation, overall parametric variation of 4.15%, 64.7%, 76.61% and 57% in thermal efficiency, CO, N O X and opacity respectively was observed. However, with increase of hydrogen content resulted in increased engine performance, increased in NOx emission and reduction in CO emission with same WCO biodiesel flow rate.

Effect Of n-amyl alcohol/biodiesel blended nano additives on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CRDi diesel engine

Abstract: This paper deals with the study on the influence of the effects of iron oxide nanoparticle additives when added to ternary fuel (diesel + mahua methyl ester + pentanol) on the emission, combustion, and performance characteristics of a four stroke, single cylinder, common rail direct injection diesel engine working at a constant speed and varying operating scenarios. Doping is done in various proportions to the nanoparticle additives with the help of a homogenizer and ultrasonicator where the cationic surfactant used is CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). Iron oxide nanoparticles were used as additives in fuel in the dosages of 40 ppm, 80 ppm, and 120 ppm respectively and TF (ternary fuel) is obtained by mixing 10% pentanol, 20% mahua, and 70% diesel together is used for the experimental study. The experimental study revealed that while using the nanoparticle additives blended ternary fuel (i.e., TF80), the number of harmful pollutants like smoke (5.38%), HC (6.39%), carbon monoxide (10.24%), and NOx has reduced to a considerable extent and there was a commendable improvement in the BTE by 8.8%. So, we can summarize that when ternary fuel and nano additives are blended together the combustion and performance of the engine was improved considerably and pollutant emissions were decreased.

Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using pine oil blends

Abstract: The experimental research is focused on use of biodiesel in compression ignition (CI) engines. The current depletion rate of fossil fuels raised the necessity to use renewable energy resources. The biodiesel is one of the best alternative energy resources which can compensate the shortage of diesel fuel. Biodiesel have properties and combustion parameters like to those of petroleum fuels and can be mixed together with petro-diesel. Biodiesel is synthesized from Pine seed oil using transesterification process and blended at different concentrations of B0, B10, B20, B30 and B100. The performance and emission analysis were carried on 4 stroke single-cylinder engine at various loads. The results proved that, along with the various blends used, B20 shows a decrease in pollutants of CO, CO2 and HC while the mechanical efficiency and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of pine oil have increased by 4.85% and 23.2% respectively. B20 has shown an increase in NOx emission about 9.12%. So, B20 has a greater advantage for the direct use in engines.

Combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine operated on dual fuel mode using renewable and sustainable fuel combinations

Abstract: The present experimental study aims to examine the combustion and emission characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode using dairy scum oil methyl ester (DiSOME) and its blend (B20)—producer gas combination with and without addition of hydrogen. DiSOME/B20-producer gas combination without hydrogen addition exhibited inferior performance with increased hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions owing to poor physic-chemical properties of both biodiesel and inducted low calorific value gas (producer gas) compared to the same fuel combination with hydrogen. Producer gas was inducted along with air, and hydrogen was allowed to mix with air-producer gas combination in the intake manifold. Experimental investigations were conducted at all load conditions and at constant flow rate of hydrogen (8 lpm). It was noticed that that B20-hydrogen enriched producer gas combination with optimum parameters resulted in amplified thermal efficiency with reduced emission levels compared to the operation with B20/DiSOME-producer gas combination. However, investigation showed that diesel-producer gas combination with hydrogen addition provided amplified brake thermal efficiency by 3.8%, 16.4% and 13.2% compared to the diesel/DiSOME/B20—producer gas combinations, respectively, at 80% load. Hydrogen addition provided enhanced cylinder pressure and heat release rate with reduced emission levels except nitric oxide emissions. It can be concluded that the deprived combustion associated with DiSOME/B20-producer gas combination can be improved with hydrogen addition. The combination of DiSOME-producer gas operation with hydrogen addition is uniqueness of this present work.

The effect of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) based metallic catalytic converter on the four-stroke motorcycle engine performance

Abstract: Many environmentally friendly automotive technologies have been developed to support the blue sky program. Among the several innovations, metallic catalytic converter (MCC) technology used in environmentally friendly motorcycle exhausts system with titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the innovations available to reduce the rise in air pollution due to exhaust emissions. In terms of reducing exhaust emissions, this technology certainly does not doubt its ability. But the problem is that not many researchers have examined the effect of the application of these technologies on engine performance. Thus, the high aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the use of TiO2 based MCC on the four-stroke motorcycle engine performance. This type of experimental research uses a Yamaha Vixion motorcycle as an object of research. Engine performance testing is performed based on SAE J1349, namely Engine Power Test Code-Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition-Net Power Rating. The equipment used in this study is the inertia of the chassis dynamometer, digital tachometer, digital thermometer, humidity meter, and blower. The independent variables in this study are the standard muffler and modified muffler with TiO2 based MCC. The control variables are engine speed, engine oil temperature, ambient air temperature and humidity, and Pertamax fuel, while the dependent variable is engine performance (torque, power, and fuel consumption). Data analysis techniques using quantitative descriptive methods. This study found that the use of environmentally friendly motorcycle mufflers with TiO2 based MCC technology could increase the torque of the Yamaha Vixion motorcycles. In line with these results, vehicle power also increases, and fuel consumption is relatively economical if the TiO2-based MCC is compared to standard exhaust.

Analysis of The Effect of A Catalyst Hydrocarbon Crack System Spiral Pipe Against The 4-Stroke Motorcycle Engine Power

Abstract: Engine power is produced through the change of energy from the chemical energy of the fuel by the combustion process into mechanical energy in the piston. This study aims to determine the effect of dual catalyst pipes using a hydrocarbon crack system on engine power. The design of this study used an experimental research design; the initial stage of this experimental study was by making a specimen that is a double catalyst with a spiral pipe on a hydrocarbon crack system. Retrieval of data starts from 1500rpm to 6500rpm engine speed with a lap difference in each test of 500rpm—data analysis techniques using numbers from research. They were testing the engine power of the motorcycle using the dyno test. The research data between standard machine testing results with the results of engine testing using a hydrocarbon crack system. Increased engine power occurs in HCS with a double catalyst and uses two fuel tubes. Vehicle power increased with the highest percentage by using one fuel tube that occurs at 5500rpm rotation, with an increase of 34.45%, i.e., obtained power of 6.73. Simultaneously, the use of 2 fuel tubes increased by 57.2% at 4500rpm with a power of 5.76.

Effect of Aluminium Oxide Nano Additive on Diesel along with Gasoline Fumigation in Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

Abstract: The present investigation mainly focuses on to overcome the limitations of gasoline fumigation in diesel engine by adding up of nanofuel additives. Experiments were conducted to ascertain the engine working characteristics in a single cylinder, four stroke, multi fuel, variable compression ratio engine using (Al2O3) aluminium oxide nano additives blended diesel as a main injection fuel along with gasoline fumigation as an inducted fuel. Gasoline fumigation was achieved by controlling the electronic injector fitted at the intake manifold using open ECU software. Fuel map for gasoline fumigation was determined based on experiments with three divergent fumigation rates of 10%, 20% and 30% based on energy consumption and optimized using design of experiments. The optimization showed 10% fumigation resulted in better performance and emission characteristics and it was selected for this present investigation. Fumigation results showed decrease in brake thermal efficiency at low and medium loads; increase in brake thermal efficiency at high loads. The two different mass fractions of 25 ppm and 50 ppm Al2O3 nano liquid was blended with diesel. From the results, it was observed that Al2O3 nano additive blended diesel along with gasoline fumigation showed better performance and decreased emission characteristics. Compared to gasoline fumigation with diesel, gasoline fumigation along with 25 and 50ppm Al2O3 nanoadditives blended diesel showed that the brake thermal efficiency was enhanced about 1.95% and 3.97%, CO emission was reduced about 12.59% and 23.63%, unburned HC emission was reduced about 25.04% and 35.06%, smoke opacity was reduced about 18.74% and 31.43% maximum in-cylinder pressure was increased about 2.12% and 3.17% and cumulative heat release was increased about 0.21% and 0.92% for 25 and 50ppm Al2O3 nanoadditives blended diesel along with gasoline fumigation respectively at overall operating conditions. As the dosage level of Al2O3 increases from 25ppm to 50 ppm results in further enhancement of all working parameters except NOx emission. Finally, the addition Al2O3 nano additive was suitable solution to overcome the limitations of gasoline fumigation.

The effect of use of biodiesel B30 from palm oil to degradation of oil lubrication in 1-cylinder diesel engine 4-stroke

Abstract: New alternative fuels are needed to reduce the fossil fuels. Biodiesel from palm oil is one alternative fuel to replace fossil fuel. This is because Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world. There are several analyzes that the use of palm oil causes a significant decrease in the viscosity of lubricating oil. A research is carried out to evaluate the effect of B30 biodiesel from palm oil on the degradation of diesel engine lubricating oil. The method used is experiment with testing diesel engines endurance referring to the standards of the Engine Manufacture Association (EMA) to determine differences in lubrication degradation. As a result, B30 biodiesel from palm oil causes greater degradation in lubricating oil than using Dexlite diesel fuel. Biodiesel B30 causes lubricating oil to decrease its viscosity by 46.98%, increase the viscosity index by 7.84%, increase in the flash point, increase in the pour point some 3°C and decrease in the base number by 4.62% and 3.6026% less water content.

Validation of an Emission Model for a Marine Diesel Engine with Data from Sea Operations

Abstract: In this study, a model is developed to simulate the dynamics of an internal combustion engine, and it is calibrated and validated against reliable experimental data, making it a tool that can effectively be adopted to conduct emission predictions. In this work, the Ricardo WAVE software is applied to the simulation of a particular marine diesel engine, a four-stroke engine used in the maritime field. Results from the bench tests are used for the calibration of the model. Finally, the calibration of the model and its validation with full-scale data measured at sea are presented. The prediction includes not only the classic engine operating parameters for a comparison with surveys but also an estimate of nitrogen oxide emissions, which are compared with similar results obtained with emission factors. The calibration of the model made it possible to obtain an overlap between the simulation results and real data with an average error of approximately 7% on power, torque, and consumption. The model provides encouraging results, suggesting further applications, such as in the study on transient conditions, coupling of the engine model with the ship model for a complete simulation of the operating conditions, and optimization studies on consumption and emissions. The availability of the emission data during the sea trial and validated simulation results are the strengths and novelties of this work.

Modeling and validation of crankshaft speed fluctuations of a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine:

Abstract: In this study, a dynamic model of a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine has been created, and the crankshaft speed fluctuations have been simulated and validated. The dynamic model of the eng...

An experimental assessment on the influence of high fuel injection pressure with ternary fuel (diesel‐Mahua methyl ester‐Pentanol) on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of common rail direct injection diesel engine

Abstract: This paper deals with analysis of the influence of fuel injection pressure with ternary fuel (diesel + Mahua methyl ester + Pentanol) on the emission, combustion and performance characteristics of a four stroke, single cylinder, common rail direct injection diesel engine working at a constant speed and varying operating scenarios. The usage of ternary fuel raised the NOx emission (12.46 %) value and specific fuel consumption (SFC) with a decrease in the BTE (brake thermal efficiency) which attributes to its properties and combustion characteristics. The combustion process was affected by the physical properties of the blended fuel such as volatility and viscosity and this eventually affected the performance of the engine. The fuel injection pressure is varied from 20 MPa to 50 MPa so that ternary fuel can be properly utilized. The high injection pressure of 50 MPa has better combustion characteristics and higher brake thermal efficiency (4.39 %) value than other injection pressure values. A better mixture is formed due to well atomized spray and as a result, the levels of CO (22.24 %), HC (9.49 %) and smoke (7.5 %) falls with the increase in injection pressure.