Showing papers on "Ingenuity published in 2022"

A review of the hybrid artificial intelligence and optimization modelling of hydrological streamflow forecasting

Abstract: Ever since the first introduction of Artificial Intelligence into the field of hydrology, it has further generated immense interest in researching aspects for further improvements to hydrology. This can be seen in the rising number of related works published. This culminated further with the combination of pioneering optimization techniques. Who would have thought that the birds and the bees can offer advances in the mathematical sciences and so have the ants too? The ingenuity of humans is spelled out in the algorithms that mimic many natural activities, like pack hunting by the wolves! This review paper serves to broadcast more of the intriguing interest in newfound procedures in optimal forecasting. Reservoirs are the main and most efficient water storage facilities for managing uneven water distribution. However, due to the major global climate changes which affect rainfall trend and weather, it has been a necessity to find an alternative solution for effective conventional water balance. A multifunctional reservoir operation appears to require the operator to make wise decisions to achieve an optimal reservoir operation. One of the most important aspects of all this is the forecasting of streamflows. For this, Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems to be the best alternative solution; as in the past three decades, there has been a drastic increase in building and developing AI models for forecasting and modelling unstable patterns in various hydrological fields. Nevertheless, AI models are also required to be optimized in tandem to achieve the best result, leading thus to the desirous forming of hybrid models between a standalone AI model and optimization techniques. This comprehensive study categorizes machine learning into three main categories, together with the optimization techniques, and will next explore the various AI model used for different hydrology fields along with the most common optimization techniques. Summarization of findings under every section is provided. Some advantages and disadvantages found through literature reviews are summarized for ease of reference. Finally, future recommendations and overall conclusions drawn from the results of researchers are included. This current review focuses on papers from high-impact factor publications based on 10 years starting from (2009 to 2020).

A review of the hybrid artificial intelligence and optimization modelling of hydrological streamflow forecasting

Abstract: Ever since the first introduction of Artificial Intelligence into the field of hydrology, it has further generated immense interest in researching aspects for further improvements to hydrology. This can be seen in the rising number of related works published. This culminated further with the combination of pioneering optimization techniques. Who would have thought that the birds and the bees can offer advances in the mathematical sciences and so have the ants too? The ingenuity of humans is spelled out in the algorithms that mimic many natural activities, like pack hunting by the wolves! This review paper serves to broadcast more of the intriguing interest in newfound procedures in optimal forecasting. Reservoirs are the main and most efficient water storage facilities for managing uneven water distribution. However, due to the major global climate changes which affect rainfall trend and weather, it has been a necessity to find an alternative solution for effective conventional water balance. A multifunctional reservoir operation appears to require the operator to make wise decisions to achieve an optimal reservoir operation. One of the most important aspects of all this is the forecasting of streamflows. For this, Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems to be the best alternative solution; as in the past three decades, there has been a drastic increase in building and developing AI models for forecasting and modelling unstable patterns in various hydrological fields. Nevertheless, AI models are also required to be optimized in tandem to achieve the best result, leading thus to the desirous forming of hybrid models between a standalone AI model and optimization techniques. This comprehensive study categorizes machine learning into three main categories, together with the optimization techniques, and will next explore the various AI model used for different hydrology fields along with the most common optimization techniques. Summarization of findings under every section is provided. Some advantages and disadvantages found through literature reviews are summarized for ease of reference. Finally, future recommendations and overall conclusions drawn from the results of researchers are included. This current review focuses on papers from high-impact factor publications based on 10 years starting from (2009 to 2020).

A Modern Approach towards an Industry 4.0 Model: From Driving Technologies to Management

Abstract: Every so often, a confluence of novel technologies emerges that radically transforms every aspect of the industry, the global economy, and finally, the way we live. These sharp leaps of human ingenuity are known as industrial revolutions, and we are currently in the midst of the fourth such revolution, coined Industry 4.0 by the World Economic Forum. Building on their guideline set of technologies that encompass Industry 4.0, we present a full set of pillar technologies on which Industry 4.0 project portfolio management rests as well as the foundation technologies that support these pillars. A complete model of an Industry 4.0 factory which relies on these pillar technologies is presented. The full set of pillars encompasses cyberphysical systems and Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and big data, robots and drones, cloud computing, 5G and 6G networks, 3D printing, virtual and augmented reality, and blockchain technology. These technologies are based on a set of foundation technologies which include advances in computing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials, energy, and finally cube satellites. We illustrate the confluence of all these technologies in a single model factory. This new factory model succinctly demonstrates the advancements in manufacturing introduced by these modern technologies, which qualifies this as a seminal industrial revolutionary event in human history.

Tackling the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies by making peace with nature 50 years after the Stockholm Conference

Abstract: Today’s increasingly unequal and resource intensive development model degrades and surpasses Earth’s finite capacity to sustain human well-being. Society must restore this capacity and adapt to it without surrendering hard won development gains while also honoring the rightful aspirations of poorer nations and people to enjoy better living standards, according to the UNEP report “Making Peace with Nature”. This article presents findings from the report and reflections on how to take advantage of the 50 years of experience gained since the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. The interconnected environmental emergencies of climate change, loss of biodiversity and pollution need to be addressed together. International scientific assessments are providing the knowledge base for informed evidence-based decision-making, but none of the internationally agreed environmentally targets for climate and biodiversity have been met and the situation is becoming more dire with each passing year. Unless these issues are addressed in the next 5–10 years none of the 2030 sustainable development goals will be achieved. Human knowledge, ingenuity, technology and cooperation need to be mobilized in such an effort. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals provides a blueprint for the transformation. The international environmental governance structure needs to facilitate a system-wide cross-sectoral transformation of humankind's relationship with nature. Transformed economic, financial and productive systems can lead and power the shift to sustainability. Major shifts in investment and regulation are key to just and informed transformations that overcome inertia and opposition from vested interests. Government actions at all levels are needed together with strengthened actions by all actors in society and the next decade is critical.

OUP accepted manuscript

Abstract: Throughout the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, literary scholars took the advent of the printed book as marking the end of the medieval and the beginnings of the early modern. According to this paradigm, the early modern period — beginning with the Renaissance — constituted a decisive step towards the democratization of knowledge and culture, in contradistinction to a supposedly ignorant Middle Ages. The symbol of this cultural and literary refulgence was the mass-produced printed book, symbolizing in the eyes of progress-minded scholars the apotheosis of human ingenuity in the service of culture. While this traditional identification of the printed book as the degré zéro of early modern literary culture has on occasion been challenged in isolated studies which prioritize the evidence of early modern manuscripts, it has nevertheless proved a tenacious inheritance, greatly impoverishing our understanding of early modern French literature. The present volume thus offers an...

Case Studies of Architecture and Interior Design Studios

Abstract: In architecture the summary is at Presents from beginning to end and the final product. Abstract is used as a method of gaining environmental knowledge to develop conceptual stages of the design process. Summary Vehicle functions or ATM functions are excellent examples of contractions in the real world. n Electrical switchboard is one of the real world examples of abstraction. A switchboard gives us an easy way to turn electrical devices on or off, hiding all the details of the electrical circuit. Description: The summary applies to both. Control contraction is the use of subroutines to control the contraction of the flow. Data summary involves manipulating data in meaningful ways. Security Summary allows companies to immediately identify the purpose of each event and use the best security particles with relevant capabilities to deal with the threat. If you want to define the method for public classes, the summary will be useful. For example, if there are multiple classes, they use the same method. In this case, you can use the compression method. Can be achieved through the protocol in the Swift interface. Quick summary can be achieved without parenting in the protocol-extension class. Minimize the problem and increase performance. Architects are generally highly respected in the community and if you want to be seen as a respected person in the community, architecture is a great career opportunity! Because of their creativity and attention to detail, they are considered a blend of art and ingenuity.

Assessment of the Mars 2020 Entry, Descent, and Landing Simulation

Abstract: On February 18, 2021, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter success- fully landed inside Jezero Crater. At 1026 kg, Perseverance is the largest, most sophisticated rover ever delivered to another planet. This event marked the ninth successful landing and fifth rover to be delivered at Mars. The Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories II (POST2), a trajectory simulation tool, was the prime entry, descent, and landing (EDL) performance simulation for Mars 2020. This paper presents a few initial comparisons between EDL flight telemetry and the simulation predictions. In general, approximately 90% of the EDL as-flown values were within ±3σ (standard deviations) of the pre-flight simulation predictions, and the the anomalies are discussed in the paper. These comparisons are important in order to under- stand how each of the individual models and the integrated simulation as a whole performed. This information is fed forward to future missions, which benefit from the knowing where additional resources or study are needed and where uncertainties may be reduced to enable improved performance.

Bayesian and Algebraic Strategies to Design in Synthetic Biology

Abstract: Innovation in synthetic biology often still depends on large-scale experimental trial and error, domain expertise, and ingenuity. The application of rational design engineering methods promises to make this more efficient, faster, cheaper, and safer. However, this requires mathematical models of cellular systems. For these models, we then have to determine if they can meet our intended target behavior. Here, we develop two complementary approaches that allow us to determine whether a given molecular circuit, represented by a mathematical model, is capable of fulfilling our design objectives. We discuss algebraic methods that are capable of identifying general principles guaranteeing desired behavior; we provide an overview of Bayesian design approaches that allow us to choose a model that has the highest probability of fulfilling our design objectives from a set of models. We discuss their uses in the context of biochemical adaptation and, then, consider how robustness can and should affect our design approach.

Recent technological advances in the management of chronic wounds: A literature review

Abstract: Wound treatment comprises a substantial portion of the healthcare budgets in developed countries. Studies suggest that about 50% of patients admitted to hospitals have wounds, while 1%−2% of the general population in the developed world suffers from chronic wounds. Chronic wounds fail to repair themselves within the expected period of 30 days. Technologies have been developed to address challenges encountered during wound care with the aim of alleviating pain, promoting healing, or controlling wound infections.

The History of Early Breast Cancer Treatment

Abstract: “The story of cancer is the story of human ingenuity, resilience, and perseverance, but also of hubris, paternalism, and misperception” (Siddhartha Mukherjee). The present review discusses the evolution of early breast cancer (BC) treatment philosophy in the last 50 years and the shift from an emphasis on local therapy to an emphasis on systemic precision treatment options.

Deep Learning Based One-Class Detection System for Fake Faces Generated by GAN Network

Abstract: Recently, the dangers associated with face generation technology have been attracting much attention in image processing and forensic science. The current face anti-spoofing methods based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) suffer from defects such as overfitting and generalization problems. This paper proposes a new generation method using a one-class classification model to judge the authenticity of facial images for the purpose of realizing a method to generate a model that is as compatible as possible with other datasets and new data, rather than strongly depending on the dataset used for training. The method proposed in this paper has the following features: (a) we adopted various filter enhancement methods as basic pseudo-image generation methods for data enhancement; (b) an improved Multi-Channel Convolutional Neural Network (MCCNN) was adopted as the main network, making it possible to accept multiple preprocessed data individually, obtain feature maps, and extract attention maps; (c) as a first ingenuity in training the main network, we augmented the data using weakly supervised learning methods to add attention cropping and dropping to the data; (d) as a second ingenuity in training the main network, we trained it in two steps. In the first step, we used a binary classification loss function to ensure that known fake facial features generated by known GAN networks were filtered out. In the second step, we used a one-class classification loss function to deal with the various types of GAN networks or unknown fake face generation methods. We compared our proposed method with four recent methods. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method improves cross-domain detection efficiency while maintaining source-domain accuracy. These studies show one possible direction for improving the correct answer rate in judging facial image authenticity, thereby making a great contribution both academically and practically.

Large-Scale Crop Production for the Moon and Mars: Current Gaps and Future Perspectives

Abstract: In this perspectives paper, we identify major challenges for space crop production: altered convection in the microgravity environment, scheduling and logistics, crew time and the need for advanced automation, robotics, modeling, and machine learning. We provide an overview of the existing space crop production gaps identified by the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) space crop production team and discuss efforts in current development in NASA projects to address these gaps. We note that this list may not be exhaustive but aims to present the baseline needs for space crop production implementation and a subset of current solutions to the greater scientific community in order to foster further ingenuity.

Flying a Helicopter on Mars: How Ingenuity's Flights were Planned, Executed, and Analyzed

Abstract: In April 2021, the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter took off from the surface of Mars as the first heavier-than-air, the first controlled, and the first powered aircraft to fly outside of Earth's atmosphere. As of January 2022, Ingenuity is still operational, having performed another 17 flights and having traversed a distance of 3.8 km, far surpassing the original goals of the mission. This paper focuses on the control of Ingenuity's flights from an operational perspective, including the search and selection of safe areas for takeoff and landing; the challenges of planning and executing flights between these areas; the influence of environmental parameters such as terrain, atmospheric den-sity, and wind; and the gradual expansion of the flight envelope informed by analysis of the helicopter's aerodynamic and flight control performance.

Regenerative agriculture and a more-than-human ethic of care: a relational approach to understanding transformation

Abstract: Abstract A growing body of literature argues that achieving radical change in the agri-food system requires a radical renegotiation of our relationship with the environment alongside a change in our thinking and approach to transformational food politics. This paper argues that relational approaches such as a more-than-human ethic of care (MTH EoC) can offer a different and constructive perspective to analyse agri-food system transformation because it emphasises social structures and relationships as the basis of environmental change. A MTH EoC has not yet been applied to regenerative agriculture, yet other literature on regenerative agriculture suggests that care may be present in these spaces and calls for the need for social science analysis of the regenerative movement. This paper uses a MTH EoC lens to reveal a diverse array of ways in which power is and can be deployed for change in the regenerative agriculture movement in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Globally, regenerative agriculture tends to be analysed through positivist, scientific approaches that focus on biophysical markers of ecological improvement. Yet, a relational approach reveals how engagement in regenerative agriculture is creating significant shifts in mindset towards more holistic and relational understandings of biological and social ecosystems. A regenerative mindset framework is suggested as a method of understanding the connection between a regenerative form of thinking, being and doing for farmers. Interviews suggested that this shift in farmers’ socio-ecological relations is crucial to the transformational potential of regenerative agriculture. This paper argues that relational analyses such as the MTH EoC approach used to analyse regenerative agriculture in this research, refresh the way we analyse agri-food system change. They also are critical to guiding and supporting on-the-ground socio-ecological shifts that are necessary to see agricultural transformation.

Benchmarking and Testing of Qualcomm Snapdragon System-on-Chip for JPL Space Applications and Missions

Abstract: As some space missions become more challenging due to new environments, greater distances, or more limited size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints, spacecraft avionics must adapt to allow the spacecraft to be more autonomous and agile‐‐‐eliminating the Spacecraft-Earth-Spacecraft feedback loop whenever possible. Prime examples of such missions include Aerobots (such as Ingenuity with extremely low SWaP constraints and demanding signal/image processing during flight) and landers in possibly hostile environments (such as a Europa lander mission, with limited communication capacity, high latency, and constrained power budget). To address these challenges, JPL worked with Qualcomm to demonstrate the use of their Snapdragon 801 system-on-chip (SoC) onboard the Ingenuity Helicopter on Mars. The Qualcomm Snapdragon SoC contains various subsystems, including an ARM cluster, a Graphics processing unit, a Digital Signal Processing subsystem, a Neural Processing Engine, Image Signal Processing subsystem, among others. Since the success of Ingenuity, JPL is continuing to work with Qualcomm to address other applications of the Snapdragon SoC technology. This includes the deployment of two 855 Snapdragon development boards onboard the International Space Station (ISS) for successful in-situ benchmarking of applications in space (beyond those tested on Ingenuity). In this paper, we will examine the performance of various applications that have been identified to benefit from greater onboard computational capability. These applications include (among others): machine vision algorithms that are expected to be critical in autonomous entry-descent-and-landing scenarios and real-time Aerobot flight navigation; Hyperspectral compression algorithms; Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing along with various instrument processing algorithms. We discuss how the infusion of Qualcomm's Snapdragon SoC is capable of enabling missions that may not have been able to achieve their goals with traditional flight computing. In addition, we also show that for some algorithms, the software implementation on the Snapdragon SoC outperforms traditional FPGA implementations.

‘Young men should work hard’: adult men’s views of young people in Mwanza, Tanzania

Abstract: ABSTRACT In 2014, there were 1.8 billion young people aged 10–24 years globally, 16% of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa. Young people are met with significant technological advancement but also constraints in securing stable livelihoods and broader cultural and societal changes. While praised for their ingenuity and resourcefulness, young people also face high expectations and judgment, both in terms of their capacity to contribute to their communities and in maintaining the moral and societal fabric. We conducted a photovoice exercise with 16 adult men aged 22 to 42 in Mwanza, Tanzania. After two days of training, participants were given nine days to take pictures of their family lives, activities outside their home and what is important to them. Thereafter, they were asked to choose, rank and provide captions for 25 photos and interviewed about their choices. The interviews were recorded, summarised, and analysed thematically. Young people, capturing anyone from a teenager to a 25-year-old, emerged as a key theme in all interviews and photographs. Other key themes in relation to young people were livelihood opportunities, with a strong connotation on ‘hard work’; education, with an emphasis on the importance of letting young people attend school; gender equality in respect to fair distribution of household chores and women working to supplement family income; recreational activities and challenging environments for young men, capturing bad nutrition, poor road conditions, harmful work and living conditions, as well as decaying morals. Overall, adult participants both admired young men and women for their energy and innovation while also expecting them to prescribe to existing moral and community standards. Understanding the high expectations and concerns of adults and how those shape the environment in which young people transition into adulthood is key to develop programmes for young people by considering their local context.

Goal Conflicts, Classical Management and Constructivism: How Operators Get Things Done

Abstract: In this study we identify the differences in goal realisation when applying two conflicting paradigms regarding rule perception and management. We gathered more than 30 scenarios where goal conflicts were apparent in a military operational unit. We found that operators repetitively utilized certain routines in executing their tasks in an effort to realize several conflicting goals. These routines were not originally intended nor designed into the rules and not explicitly included in documentation. They were not necessarily at odds with the literal wording and/or the intent of rules and regulations, although we did find examples of this. Our data showed that local ingenuity was created innovatively within the frame of existing rules or kept invisible to those outside the unit. The routines were introduced and passed on informally, and we found no evidence of testing for the introduction of new risks, no migration into the knowledge base of the organisation, and no dissemination as new best practices. An explanation for this phenomenon was found in the fact that the military organisation was applying a top-down, classical, rational approach to rules. In contrast, the routines were generated by adopting a constructivist view of rules as dynamic, local, situated constructions with operators as experts. The results of this study suggest that organisations are more effective in solving goal conflicts and creating transparency on local ingenuity if they adopt a constructivist paradigm instead of, or together with, a classical paradigm.

Tightness without Counterexamples: A New Approach and New Results for Prophet Inequalities

Abstract: Prophet inequalities consist of many beautiful statements that establish tight performance ratios between online and offline allocation algorithms. Typically, tightness is established by constructing an algorithmic guarantee and a worst-case instance separately, whose bounds match as a result of some "ingenuity". In this paper, we instead formulate the construction of the worst-case instance as an optimization problem, which directly finds the tight ratio without needing to construct two bounds separately.

Formalizing Human Ingenuity: A Quantitative Framework for Copyright Law's Substantial Similarity

Abstract: A central notion in U.S. copyright law is judging the substantial similarity between an original and an (allegedly) derived work. Capturing this notion has proven elusive, and the many approaches offered by case law and legal scholarship are often ill-defined, contradictory, or internally-inconsistent. This work suggests that key parts of the substantial-similarity puzzle are amenable to modeling inspired by theoretical computer science. Our proposed framework quantitatively evaluates how much ''novelty'' is needed to produce the derived work with access to the original work, versus reproducing it without access to the copyrighted elements of the original work. ''Novelty'' is captured by a computational notion of description length, in the spirit of Kolmogorov-Levin complexity, which is robust to mechanical transformations and availability of contextual information. This results in an actionable framework that could be used by courts as an aid for deciding substantial similarity. We evaluate it on several pivotal cases in copyright law and observe that the results are consistent with the rulings, and are philosophically aligned with the abstraction-filtration-comparison test of Altai.

A system to measure the complex permittivity of 3D-printing materials

Abstract: Additive manufacturing has brought a technological revolution which up to now has shown only glimpses of the future developments made possible. Besides human ingenuity, an important component of the development process is the accurate knowledge of the 3D printing materials properties. In high frequency applications, the complex permittivity of dielectric materials is the fundamental quantity needed for the proper design and for the optimization of innovative sensors. The versatility of 3D printing allows for many shapes, sizes, combination of electrical properties. Moreover, high frequency (microwave) applications span operating frequency ranges from below 1 GHz to several tens of GHz. Hence, many measurements techniques for the determination of the complex permittivity have been developed, with various accuracies and addressing specific scenarios. In this work we propose two resonators: a dielectric loaded one, operating at higher frequency 12.9 GHz, capable of measuring thick > 1 mm flat dielectric samples, eventually with backing metal as encountered in microwave circuits; and a split ring resonator, working at 2.2 GHz, for the measurement of thicker samples, possibly in in-field scenarios. To demonstrate their measurement capabilities we have tested 3D printed samples with different fillings in order to expand the range of complex permittivity test values. The two resonators yield consistent results, providing a reciprocal validation, with similar accuracies competitive with other existing solutions.

Landing Gear Design, Fabrication, and Testing for the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter

Abstract: This paper describes the development of the landing gear system for the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter. Ingenuity is a 1.8 kg co-axial helicopter which demonstrated the first powered, controlled flight at Mars on April 19, 2021. As part of the Mars 2020 mission, Ingenuity was deployed from the Perseverance Rover, which landed at Jezero Crater in February 2021. To ensure safe, autonomous landings on unfamiliar terrain in variable weather conditions without the need for an onboard obstacle avoidance system, the landing gear was designed to provide no less than 50 mm ground clearance when landing at velocities up to 2 m/s vertically, 0.5 m/s horizontally, and with angular rates up to 40 deg/s. The system consists of a composite central interface plate, spring-loaded deployment hinges, suspension spring flexures and dampers, and four hollow composite landing legs and feet, all of which were uniquely designed for conditions at Mars. Traveling with the Perseverance Rover required the landing legs to be folded into four unique positions within a compact not-to-exceed volume beneath the belly pan of the rover. During deployment from the Perseverance Rover, the helicopter's landing legs deployed passively and latched securely before Ingenuity could be released onto the Martian surface. In order to reduce bounce and angular rates upon landing, each leg employs a titanium spring flexure coupled with an annealed 1100-series aluminum damper which yields as the leg deflects by as much as 17 degrees, providing up to 80 mm of vertical travel. During the development and verification process of the landing gear system, an extensive test campaign was performed to validate structural properties, landing dynamics, and reliable actuation of the deployment mechanisms. A testbed to simulate varied Martian surface conditions was fabricated in a Vicon motion capture lab at AeroVironment's Simi Valley facility to evaluate touchdown dynamics across a wide range of landing conditions. In this paper, the authors will describe: 1.The conditions and surfaces that the landing gear system was designed to withstand; 2.Unique design features of the composite interface plate and leg hub, carbon clevis, deployment mechanism, suspension spring and damper, hollow carbon fiber leg tubes, and feet; 3.The unique challenges and solutions involved in stowing the landing gear within the strict and complex constraints of the available space and reliably deploying the landing gear in preparation for release onto the Martian surface; 4.Test procedures and results for the landing gear system's development and verification campaigns.

DESIGN THINKING AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR ARCHITECTURAL PEDAGOGY: Challenges and benefits for Ghanaian schools

Abstract: Abstract Design Thinking is a methodological advent to design, acknowledged in many design schools, and marketing establishments. This design approach although recognized as efficient in several business avenues, is not noticeable in architectural pedagogy in Ghana. This paper employs an exploratory study, aimed at identifying the current concepts used in architectural teaching and learning, as well as challenges encountered by students who refer to the Design Thinking approach. Ghanaian students will also be enlightened about its potential to significantly improve creativity and ingenuity. Considering reviewed literature reveals diminutive application of Design Thinking process in architectural pedagogy, this study recommends further research in the adaptation of the Design Thinking methodology in architectural design. The pragmatic philosophical worldview is what drives my research. This is because it is concerned with applications and solutions to problems. Instead of focusing on methods, researchers emphasize the research problem and use all approaches available to understand the task.

Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: From Technology Demonstration to Extraterrestrial Scout

Abstract: On April 19, 2021, NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter successfully executed humanity's historic first flight on Mars. In the flights that followed, Ingenuity continued to explore the boundaries of what was aerodynamically, energetically, and operationally possible, and took on increasingly daring missions in the process. Over time, Ingenuity's mission has evolved from a “Technology Demonstration” of the first rotorcraft to fly on Mars to an “Operations Demonstration” of scientific aerial exploration scenarios on Mars. Ingenuity's activities to date have yielded a rich first-of-its-kind data set and extensive operational experience. This paper describes the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter's operation and technical performance. It details the approach and considerations involved in remotely operating a rotorcraft on Mars from Earth. It presents the performance of the vehicle in the extremely thin Martian atmosphere compared to predicted design values, based on analysis and testing on Earth. The agreement between predicted and observed performance has been excellent. This paper also discusses scientific impacts that Ingenuity Mars Helicopter has been able to contribute to the Mars 2020 Perseverance mission during Ingenuity's Operations Demonstration phase. The performance of the vehicle, the operational experiences and lessons learned, anomalies encountered and their resolutions presented in this paper critically inform the formulation, design, and development of the next generation of advanced aerial rotorcraft platforms for Mars and other extra-terrestrial bodies. ¹¹Copyright 2021 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.²²The research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004).

On the Operational Challenges of Coordinating a Helicopter and Rover Mission on Mars

Abstract: In April 2021, the Ingenuity helicopter achieved the first powered flight on another planet. In its first flight, the helicopter rose to a 3-meter altitude, performed a hover, and softly landed back on the surface of Mars. The entire feat was filmed by its host mission: the Perseverance rover. In the month following this event, Ingenuity achieved four more flights, each more ambitious than the last. Each flight was carefully coordinated with the rover and included imaging, video, and even audio of the flights. The path to achieving this first flight was not only a set of groundbreaking technological advancements, but also involved highly complex operations that had to be coordinated across two different projects - something that is rarely done on surfaces of other planets. This paper provides a look into the operational challenges of coordinating the interface between the Ingenuity and Perseverance spacecrafts and the lessons learned along the way, with the hope of informing future missions attempting a similar type of interface. Notably, the importance of establishing clear sets of responsibilities, of testing both the system and the processes, and of building clear decision points as well as flexibility into operations plans are highlighted as key factors in ensuring the success of such coordinated missions.