Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 2016"
TL;DR: This article summarized how internationalization research has evolved over time, where it stands today, and how it might evolve going forward, and examined important theoretical issues in born global research and suggest avenues for future research.
428 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a large sample of 3,040 U.S. firms and 16,606 firm-year observations over the 1991-2010 period was used to find strong evidence that firm internationalization is positively related to the firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR) rating.
Abstract: Using a large sample of 3,040 U.S. firms and 16,606 firm-year observations over the 1991–2010 period, we find strong evidence that firm internationalization is positively related to the firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) rating. This finding persists when we use alternative estimation methods, samples, and proxies for internationalization and when we address endogeneity concerns. We also provide evidence that the positive relation between internationalization and CSR rating holds for a large sample of firms from 44 countries. Finally, we offer novel evidence that firms with extensive foreign subsidiaries in countries with well-functioning political and legal institutions have better CSR ratings. Our findings shed light on the role of internationalization in influencing multinational firms’ CSR activities in the U.S. and around the world.
218 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the changing nature of the competitive advantages of places, the competitive advantage and strategies of firms, and the governance structure of IB networks in what has also been called the third industrial revolution.
Abstract: The new techno-economic paradigm of the information age has brought about new structures and processes in international business (IB). In this article, we examine the changing nature of the competitive advantages of places, the competitive advantages and strategies of firms, and the governance structure of IB networks in what has also been called the third industrial revolution. These three areas of change in IB activities can be mapped respectively to the location (L), ownership (O) and internalization (I) advantages of the eclectic paradigm. We interpret these OLI factors as dynamic constructs in order to depict analytically the shifts in the IB environment and their implications for IB.
200 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the determinants of SME exporting performance using a survey of internationally engaged UK SMEs and develop a model incorporating organisational and prior managerial learning effects to identify separately the positive effects on exporting from the international experience of the firm and the negative effects of firm age.
194 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend existing internationalization theory to encompass a new type of organization, the ibusiness firm, which offers a platform that allows users to interact with each other and generate value through user co-creation of content.
Abstract: Information and communication technologies have given rise to a new type of firm, the ibusiness firm. These firms offer a platform that allows users to interact with each other and generate value through user co-creation of content. Because of this, ibusiness firms face different challenges when they internationalize compared with traditional firms, even those online. In this article we extend existing internationalization theory to encompass this new type of organization. We theorize that because ibusiness firms produce value through the creation and coordination of a network of users, these firms tend to suffer greater liabilities of outsidership when expanding abroad and therefore concentrate on network and diffusion-based user adoption processes as they internationalize. Based on a multi-case investigation of a sample of ibusiness firms, we develop new theory and testable hypotheses. Thus, we make an important contribution by expanding internationalization theory to a new set of firms.
186 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the impact of innovation capacity and international experience on the export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) located in an emerging country and to identify which factor is more significant.
177 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how home country institutions exerting normative, regulatory, and governance-related controls affect the comparative internationalization levels of listed state owned enterprises (SOEs) and POEs.
161 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the links between intensifying international student recruitment and international students' experiences with racism and suggested that both recruitment and racism are framed by a dominant global imaginary rooted in Western supremacy.
Abstract: As the number of students traveling from the Global South to study in the Global North continues to grow (OECD in Education at a glance 2014: highlights. OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance-2014_eag_highlights-2014-en, 2014), we argue that it is necessary to broaden our conceptual approaches to the study of this dynamic. This article utilizes the framework of “global imaginaries” to examine the links between intensifying international student recruitment and international students’ experiences with racism. We suggest that both recruitment and racism are framed by a dominant global imaginary rooted in Western supremacy. This imaginary both makes Western higher education a desirable product in the global higher education market and shapes the reception of international students.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated how Chinese small-to-medium enterprises' network ties at home moderate the relationships between different international entrepreneurship (IE) characteristics and the degree of internationalization of the firm and further explored how the Chinese SMEs ownership arrangement might explain the boundary conditions of the proposed moderating effects of network ties on the relationship between IE characteristics and internationalization.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify configurations of external resources that lead to the successful internationalization of family firms and explore how configurations differ depending on family firms' socioemotional wealth (SEW) endowment.
136 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the relationship between social networks and dynamic internationalization capabilities (DICs), and their impact on the international performance of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in low-tech industries.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the literature on multilatinas, Latin American multinationals, and provide suggestions for using these firms as a laboratory for extending exiting theories and models of the multinational.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed and tested a conceptual framework to predict the saliency of a given rationale for a specific higher education institution (HEI) and found that the HEIs embedded in a global context more frequently conceive internationalization as an instrumental to prestige and the amount of resources is less important than the competition for resources.
Abstract: In recent decades internationalization has risen to prominence in higher education institutions (HEIs). Scholars have identified several rationales for internationalization. There is however a lack of conceptual understanding and empirical evidence for which rationale(s) for internationalization are chosen by a given HEI and why. The goal of this article is to fill this gap. We develop and test a conceptual framework to predict the salience of a given rationale for a specific HEI. The framework integrates factors at multiple levels, namely competitive and institutional forces in the global and national contexts, the organizational goals and the influence of internal actors. The empirical analysis employs information on more than 400 European HEIs from two large datasets on their organizational characteristics and from a large-scale survey on internationalization of universities. The findings show that the HEIs embedded in a global context more frequently conceive internationalization as an instrumental to prestige. The national contexts do not greatly affect HEIs’ rationales, and the amount of resources is less important than the competition for resources. Organizational goals as well as the influence of students, faculty members and middle managers on the internationalization process partly predict the prominence of specific rationales. The paper closes discussing the findings and the implication for scholarly research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply social capital and corporate governance theories to explain the scope of family SMEs internationalization, and find that professional managers externally recruited from outside the family are important, but only for lower levels of family ownership, suggesting synergistic combinations of ownership and management.
TL;DR: In this article, a study of 334 German-speaking family firms reveals international market knowledge mediates the relationship between collaboration intensity and family firms' multinationality, while high network trust positively moderates the relationship of collaboration intensity with the acquisition of international knowledge.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the logic that ICT enhances firm performance because it is an important channel or facilitator of effective knowledge sharing and knowledge integration, and further argue that the conditions characterizing an emerging economy and emerging economy businesses (e.g., internationalization and quality assurance) would affect the extent to which ICT contributes to knowledge management, and thus to firm performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify three research gaps: few studies treat speed as an independent variable; most studies analyze speed only until internationalization starts; and, finally, studies have paid little attention to the multidimensionality of the speed concept.
Abstract: This paper studies the performance consequences of the speed of SME internationalization The authors identify three research gaps: few studies treat speed as an independent variable; most studies analyze speed only until internationalization starts; and, finally, studies have paid little attention to the multidimensionality of the speed concept The authors seek to address these gaps and to contribute to the literature on the dynamics of internationalization by developing three measures of internationalization speed, which capture its multidimensionality Building on the theories of learning advantage of newness and time compression diseconomies, the study presents three hypotheses on speed’s effect on performance, and the theoretically derived research model is tested on a sample of 183 SMEs visited on site The analysis demonstrates that the speed of a firm’s increase in the breadth of its international markets has a positive but curvilinear effect on firm performance It also demonstrates that the speed of a firm’s increase in commitment of foreign resources has a negative but curvilinear effect on the performance of the firm These results have implications both for scholars interested in the dynamics of firm internationalization and for SME managers
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make a critical examination of the Uppsala internationalization process model by incorporating business network theory and entrepreneurship theory into the model and conclude that several issues have to be addressed regarding the relationship between business networks and firms' internationalization.
Abstract: In their article from 2009, Johanson and Vahlne suggest a reformulation of the Uppsala internationalization process model by incorporating business network theory and entrepreneurship theory into the model. The present paper makes a critical examination of this reformulation. The overall conclusion is that several issues have to be addressed regarding the relationship between business networks and firms’ internationalization, the meaning of entrepreneurship as well as the possibility to combine business network theory and entrepreneurship theory in the Uppsala model before the full potential of such an incorporation can be realized.
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual model of Internet marketing capabilities and international market growth was developed and tested, using structural equation modelling (SEM), and the results indicated that firms deploying internet marketing capabilities will benefit due to the reduction of information uncertainty and increased capacity to develop international network capabilities.
TL;DR: This paper found that firm-level investments in employee human capital are critical for the labor productivity and internationalization in fast internationalizers, but not for those firms that internationalize more slowly.
TL;DR: Data from scholarly publishing in the SSH are used that go beyond the coverage in the commercial data sources in order to give a more comprehensive representation of scholarly publishingIn the SSH, research quality, internationalization, and societal relevance can be promoted without categorical hierarchies of publications.
Abstract: This article investigates the developments during the last decades in the use of languages, publication types and publication channels in the social sciences and humanities (SSH). The purpose is to develop an understanding of the processes of internationalization and to apply this understanding in a critical examination of two often used general criteria in research evaluations in the SSH. One of them is that the coverage of a publication in Scopus or Web of Science is seen in itself as an expression of research quality and of internationalization. The other is that a specific international language, English, and a specific type of publication, journal articles, are perceived as supreme in a general hierarchy of languages and publication types. Simple distinctions based on these criteria are contrary to the heterogeneous publication patterns needed in the SSH to organize their research adequately, present their results properly, reach their audiences efficiently, and thereby fulfil their missions. Research quality, internationalization, and societal relevance can be promoted in research assessment in the SSH without categorical hierarchies of publications. I will demonstrate this by using data from scholarly publishing in the SSH that go beyond the coverage in the commercial data sources in order to give a more comprehensive representation of scholarly publishing in the SSH.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the potential relationship between narcissistic tendencies of CEOs and their internationalization decisions and found that CEOs with high degree of narcissism tend to intensify business activities abroad in general while the expected effect on intensified activities in markets with a high psychic distance cannot be identified.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how independent directors with human and social capital contribute to firm internationalization and found an inverted-U relationship exists between independent directors' tenure overlap and internationalization.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the "voices" of Indian corporate leaders to provide preliminary evidence on the primary motives behind the internationalization process of emerging multinationals from the perspective of linkage, leverage and learning.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors trace the history of this research over these past five decades with particular emphasis on the critical role that the Columbia Journal of World Business has played in disseminating scholarly and managerial expertise on the successful management of cross-border, inter-firm collaboration.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ the opportunity-based international entrepreneurial culture (IEC) comprehensive notion that draws upon the opportunitybased view (OBV) to support the idea that entrepreneurs mold the organizational behavior and characteristics of their firms to pursue opportunities abroad.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between motivation and nationality in transnational entrepreneurs and found that nationality has a consistent influence on entrepreneurial orientation through the impact of culture, and that Chinese cultural influence may also be weakening to meet the environment of host countries.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlighted the role of knowledge and learning in the internationalization process of both multinational enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises, and showed that SMEs tend to follow an unsystematic decision-making process.
Abstract: Internationalization research has highlighted the role of knowledge and learning in the internationalization process of both multinational enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises (Johanson and Vahlne 1977). Exploring, analyzing and planning international activities can create knowledge and therefore serve as a critical factor in successfully internationalizing firms (Knight and Liesch 2002; McGee and Sawyerr 2003). While this argumentation is theoretically reasonable, empirical studies have shown inconsistent results. Seringhaus (1993) stressed the importance of information for SMEs, whereas Li, Li and Dalgic (2004) showed that SMEs tend to follow an unsystematic decision-making process.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of regional institutional complexity on foreign direct investment decisions by multinational enterprises (MNEs) was studied and it was shown that extremely low or high regional institutional diversity has negative effects on internationalization, but moderate diversity has a positive effect on internationalisation.
Abstract: International business research is only beginning to develop theory and evidence highlighting the importance of supranational regional institutions to explain firm internationalization. In this context, we offer new theory and evidence regarding the effect of a region’s “institutional complexity” on foreign direct investment decisions by multinational enterprises (MNEs). We define a region’s institutional complexity using two components, regional institutional diversity and number of countries. We explore the unique relationships of both components with MNEs’ decisions to internationalize into countries within the region. Drawing on semiglobalization and regionalization research and institutional theory, we posit an inverted U-shaped relationship between a region’s institutional diversity and MNE internationalization: extremely low or high regional institutional diversity has negative effects on internationalization, but moderate diversity has a positive effect on internationalization. Larger numbers of countries within the region reduces MNE internationalization in a linear fashion. We find support for these predicted relationships in multilevel analyses of 698 Japanese MNEs operating in 49 countries within 9 regions. Regional institutional complexity is both a challenge and an opportunity for MNEs seeking advantages through the aggregation and arbitrage of individual country factors.
TL;DR: In this paper, internationalization of family businesses is often considered a way to revitalize both the family and the business, however, the debate on its challenges and constraints is still inconclusive.
Abstract: Internationalization of family businesses is often considered a way to revitalize both the family and the business. However, the debate on its challenges and constraints is still inconclusive. This...