Showing papers on "Intraperitoneal injection published in 1970"

Selective retention of oestradiol by cell nuclei in specific brain regions of the ovariectomized rat.

Abstract: —Cell nuclei were isolated from four regions of the brains of ovariectomized female rats 2 hr after the injection of [3H]oestradiol. By light microscopy, the nuclear pellets contained highly purified nuclei of neuronal and glial cells with little cytoplasmic contamination. Tritium was concentrated in cell nuclei from the preoptic-hypothalamic area, to a lesser extent in nuclei from the amygdaloid region and hippocampus, and least of all in cerebral cortical nuclei. In comparison with whole homogenates (= 1-0), the nuclear concentrations of radioactivity were 12·9, 4·7, 1·9 and 0·8, respectively. Approximately 40 per cent of the radioactivity in homogenates of the preoptic-hypothalamic area was present in cell nuclei, and upon TLC more than 85 per cent of the radioactive material in the nuclei exhibited the RF of oestradiol-17β. Pretreatment of ovariectomized females with 1 mg of unlabelled oestradiol 30 min before the injection of labelled hormone abolished the nuclear uptake of [3H]oestradiol in all four regions of the brain. A concurrent injection of 10 μg of unlabelled oestradiol-17β significantly reduced nuclear uptake, while a similar injection of testosterone or oestradiol-17α had no significant effect. One mg of oestradiol-17α, but not testosterone, did reduce nuclear uptake. The retention of [3H]oestradiol by the preoptic-hypothalamic area decreased exponentially in the tissue from 30 min to 4 h after an intraperitoneal injection; however, nuclear binding reached a peak at 1-2 h and still showed high retention at 4 h. These results, together with observations in other laboratories of morphological changes induced by oestrogens, establish that certain regions of the brain are bona fide targets for the action of oestradiol.

Effects of Central Acting Drugs on Serum and Pituitary Prolactin Levels in Rats

Abstract: A single intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (R), chlorpromazine (C), alphamethyl- para-tyrosine (AMPT) or alpha-methylmeta-tyrosine (AMMT) in proestrous rats produced profound elevations in serum prolactin 30 min to 4 hr after injection. R, C and AMPT decreased pituitary prolactin concentration, whereas AMMT increased it. This indicates that these 4 drugs evoked rapid release of prolactin from the pituitary, and that AMMT also elicited rapid synthesis of prolactin. The increased release of pituitary prolactin may be related to inhibition by the drugs of catecholamine activity in the hypothalamus and/or to reduced hypothalamic PIF content. A single intraperitoneal injection of dopamine (D), epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (S) had no significant effect on serum prolactin levels 1 or 2 hr after injection. D, E and NE also had no effect on serum prolactin values when injected intracarotidly. The higher doses of E and D but not NE produced a small decrease in pituitary prolactin concentra...

Toxicity, Tissue Changes, and Tumor Induction in Inbred Swiss Mice by Methylnitrosamine and -amide Compounds

Abstract: The toxic and carcinogenic actions of four methylnitrosamine or -amide compounds, given as a single intraperitoneal injection to newborn and adult inbred Swiss mice, were examined. Toxicity was approximately directly proportional to the stability of the three compounds capable of methylating macromolecules in vitro . Methylnitrosourea induced a high incidence of thymic lymphomas in adults and newborns of either sex. Dimethylnitrosamine induced a high incidence of hepatomas in newborns only. These two drugs, as well as methylnitrosourethan and methylnitroso- p -tolylsulfonamide, induced a high incidence of pulmonary adenomas. Mice given a single sublethal intraperitoneal injection of methylnitrosourea underwent cell depletion of the thymolymphoid and myeloid systems, followed by recovery. These events occurred more rapidly in the myeloid systems than in the thymolymphoid system. These events may represent steps in the genesis of lymphomas induced by methylnitrosourea.

The effects of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide on the experimentally induced allergic respiratory disorder in guinea pigs. 3. The effect on the occurrence of dyspneic attacks.

Abstract: Pre-exposure of guinea pigs to more than 2 ppM O/sub 3/ or 40 ppM NO/sub 2/ induced severe, commonly fatal, dyspneic attacks (asthma) in animals sensitized to egg albumin antigen by intraperitoneal injection. 400 ppM SO/sub 2/ had no such effect.

Carcinogenicity of a Single Administration of N-Nitrosomethylurea: a Comparison Between New-born and 5-Week-Old Mice and Rats

Abstract: N-Nitrosomethylurea (NMUrea) was given as a single intraperitoneal injection either to newborn or to 5-week-old (C57BL * C3Hf)F1 mice and Wistar rats. Newborn mice were more susceptible than 5-week-old mice to the development of lymphosarcomas, lung adenomas and hepatomas, whereas newborn rats were more susceptible than their weaned counterparts to the development of renal anaplastic tumours. Other tumours occured with the same frequency in newborn and mature animals. Tumours of the forestomach in mice were more frequenty found in animals treated at 5 weeks than in those treated at birth. Since NMUrea persists for only a very short time and breaks down spontaneously it seems that the paucity of enzymes related to immaturity in newborns is not a major factor in determining the different susceptibility of newborn animals to NMUrea carcinogenicity.

Errors Related to Different Techniques of Intraperitoneal Injection in Mice

Abstract: We found a 12% error in the placement of intraperitoneal injections of mice with the one-man procedure of injection. With a two-man procedure, the incidence of error was consistently reduced to 1.2%.

Biochemical and Immunological Effects of Listeria monocytogenes Hemolysin

Abstract: The biochemical and immunological effects of Listeria monocytogenes hemolysin in CD-1 mice were studied. Intraperitoneal injection of 256 complete hemolytic units (CHU) caused a twofold increase in plasma β-glucuronidase levels but was not lethal. In contrast, 256 or more CHU caused 100% lethality in 4 to 5 min when administered intravenously. Intravenous administration of 50 CHU caused a 10- to 11-fold increase in plasma β-glucuronidase levels and was lethal for a variable percentage of the animals. Carbon clearance experiments showed the phagocytic index to be depressed by relatively small amounts of intravenously administered hemolysin and suggested that hemolysin may function as a leucocidal agressin during listeric infection. Increased plasma levels of ornithine carbamyltransferase after intravenous injection of hemolysin indicated hepatocellular damage. Liver carbohydrate and blood glucose determinations on fasted mice showed a reduced gluconeogenic capability in hemolysin-treated animals. Mice immunized with purified hemolysin or live vaccine were more resistant to several of the toxic parameters studied. The data indicate that hemolysin is produced during listeric infection and is antigenic, but not necessarily a protective immunogen.

Potentiating Effect of Freund's Adjuvant on Interferon Production by Endotoxin or Poly rI•Poly rC

Abstract: Intraperitoneal injection of mice with mineral oil, incomplete (IFA) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) increased the interferon response to endotoxin or (poly rI)*(poly rC) administered intravenously 2 days later. After endotoxin administration, circulating interferon titers were increased at several different times of sampling and with a variety of endotoxin dosages. When injection of endotoxin was delayed until 6 to 8 days after the administration of IFA or CFA, interferon production was markedly decreased. Mice treated with CFA and injected with endotoxin 2 days later became more resistant to intranasal vesicular stomatitis virus challenge than mice injected with endotoxin alone. Hyporeactivity to the interferon-inducing capacity of a second injection of endotoxin 2 days after the first injection could not be overcome by administering CFA simultaneously with the first dose. CFA treatment not only raised the serum interferon titers produced by endotoxin, but also increased the number of interferon-forming cells in the spleen after administration of endotoxin in vivo. In addition, CFA enhanced the intravascular clearance of (poly rI)*(poly rC). The possibility that Freund's adjuvant increased the interferon response to endotoxin and (poly rI)*(poly rC) by stimulating the uptake and processing of the interferon inducer by lymphoreticular cells is discussed.

Effects of amphetamine derivatives on brain dopamine and noradrenaline

Abstract: 1. Intracisternally administered metaraminol, α-methyl-octopamine, α-methyl-m-tyramine, and α-methyl tyramine were found to lower brain noradrenaline without having an effect on brain dopamine. 2. Amphetamine, mephentermine, and norephedrine had no effect on brain catecholamines after intracisternal injection. 3. There was no reduction in brain dopamine content after intracisternal injection of α-methyl-m-tyramine, yet the resulting brain concentration of α-methyl-m-tyramine was several times higher than after intraperitoneal injection of α-methyl-m-tyrosine, which decreased brain dopamine. 4. The decreased synthesis of labelled catecholamines from 14C-tyrosine after α-methyl-m-tyrosine suggested that this compound inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase in addition to its action of displacing brain amines.

Ethanol-induced hypoglycemia in thyroxine-treated rats☆

Abstract: The effect of intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (1.5 or 3.0 Gm./Kg. bodyweight) on the hepatic redox state and blood glucose level was studied in fed and fasted normal and thyroxine-treated rats. In normal rats the hepatic lactate/pyruvate concentration ratio was increased about 80 per cent and the NAD/NADH ratio decreased about 55 per cent by ethanol. In hyperthyroid rats ethanol induced no changes in these ratios. The two doses of ethanol had similar effects on the redox state. In the fed normal rats hyperglycemia was produced by the greater but not by the smaller dose of ethanol. In the fasted control rats no changes in blood glucose level were observed after either dose of ethanol. In the fed and fasted hyperthyroid rats the changes in blood glucose were similar. The smaller dose of ethanol induced no changes but the larger dose produced such profound hypoglycemia that most of the rats died in less than two hours. Thus ethanol induced hypoglycemia in hyperthyroid rats without producing any redox changes. The reason for this is suggested to be the minimal hepatic glycogen stores and the greater utilization of glucose in these rats. The larger dose of ethanol led to a marked decrease in the hepatic lactate and pyruvate concentrations in these animals, which may have inhibited the first step of gluconeogenesis catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase without any redox change.

Studies on the in vivo metabolism of retinoic acid in the rat.

Abstract: A time study of the metabolism of 6,7-14C-retinoic acid after intraperitoneal injection of physiological levels (17 μg, 0.39 μc) into vitamin A deficient rats, which had been repleted with retinoic acid for two weeks up to two days before injection, resulted in a rapid metabolism to more polar compounds in the small intestine and its contents and a slower metabolism to primarily different materials in the liver and kidney. The major route of metabolism resulted in the urinary excretion of 60% of the injected dose in 24 to 27 hr. Urinary metabolites of 15-14C-retinoic acid were eluted from silicic acid at a similar concentration of solvents as the ring labeled metabolites although only 32% of the injected dose was recovered in 24 hr. Compounds chromatographically similar to the urinary metabolites were observed at various times in the liver, kidney and small intestine plus contents in addition to retinoic acid and other metabolites. The relative amounts of the metabolites in the different tissues studied varied as a function of the tissue and the time of analysis after injection. Most of the radioactivity from all tissues was extractable into methanol. A liver subcellular distribution of the radioactivity derived from the intraperitoneal injection of 650 μg of 6,7-14C-retinoic acid (25.9 μc) after 3 hr indicated a minimal level of association of radioactivity (150–250 dpm/mg protein) with all fractions and a greater association of radioactivity with the lysosomal-microsomal fraction (300–350 dpm/mg protein) and the 60–100% ammonium sulfate precipitable (750–800 dpm/mg protein) and 100% ammonium sulfate soluble fractions (422 dpm/mg protein) of the soluble supernatant.

Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and amphetamine on hypothermia produced by halothane

Abstract: 1. In cats, the effects of tranylcypromine and pheniprazine, two monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors with strong amphetamine-like actions, of pargyline, an inhibitor without amphetamine-like actions, and of amphetamine itself, were examined on the hypothermia produced by a 2 hr period of halothane inhalation. 2. The hypothermia was prevented by intraperitoneal injections of the three MAO inhibitors. Tranylcypromine and pheniprazine acted in doses of a few milligrams, pargyline in doses of over 100 mg. 3. The hypothermia was prevented by injections into the cerebral ventricles of tranylcypromine and pheniprazine, in doses which were effective also on intraperitoneal injection; intraperitoneal injections were sometimes more effective. The large doses of pargyline needed to prevent the hypothermia when injected intraperitoneally were not tested by the intraventricular route, as the injections had to be made in a volume of 0·1 ml. In smaller doses intraventricular pargyline was not effective. 4. The hypothermia was prevented by an intraperitoneal or intraventricular injection of amphetamine in a dose as little as 1 mg; intraperitoneal injections were sometimes more effective. 5. The effects of tranylcypromine and pargyline given intraperitoneally, and of amphetamine given intraventricularly as well, were also examined on the hypothermia produced by an intraventricular injection of 200 μg noradrenaline. The two MAO inhibitors and amphetamine prevented the hypothermia, or greatly reduced it. 6. It is concluded (a) that even on intraventricular injection the MAO inhibitors must first be absorbed into the blood stream before they can prevent the hypothermia of a halothane anaesthesia; (b) that their action may not be solely on the anterior hypothalamus; and (c) that they may not act only through MAO inhibition.

Tissue Distribution and Dosimetry of ${}^{144}{\rm Ce}$ in Chinese Hamsters

Abstract: The tissue distribution, retention, and dosimetry of ${}^{144}{\rm Ce}$ were studied in the Chinese hamster following intraperitoneal injection or inhalation. The body burden of the hamsters that i...

The kinetics of in vivo tolerance introduction in mice.

Abstract: C57BL/6 mice were rendered immunologically tolerant by an intraperitoneal injection of 200 μg of bovine γ globulin (BGG). An intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg of polyornithine (poly-O) given from 24 hr before to 5 hr after the injection of BGG produced immunity rather than tolerance. After 8 hr the induction of tolerance by BGG was no longer reversible by the poly-O. In a further test of the induction period of tolerance, washed spleen cells were transferred to x-irradiated recipients which were then immunized. If spleen cells were removed from donor mice as little as 4 hr after they had been injected with 2 mg of BGG, significant loss of ability to produce immunity in recipients was seen.

Preliminary Estimate of the Hazard from Ingestion of Tritiated Thymidine

Abstract: The data presented led to the following conclusions: (1) there is significant incorporation of tritiated thymidine into all tissues of the mouse after oral ingestion; (2) at least part of this incorporation is not related to mitotic activity; (3) intraperitoneal injection produces greater nonvolatile tissue activities in proliferative tissues than oral ingestion; (4) a radiation effect is produced by levels of tritium activity which deliver a radiation dose to the nucleus that is not greater than 15 rads; and (5) assuming that metabolism is comparable to that in the mouse, a single oral ingestion of 1.0 mCi or less of tritiated thymidine by man would be required to deliver a radiation dose of 1.25 rads over a period of 13 weeks to the nuclei of a significant fraction of cells in the total body.

Effects of intraperitoneal injection of ethanol on ethanol ingestion of C57BL mice

Abstract: When intraperitoneal injections of an ethanol solution are given to C57BL mice (an alcohol-preferring strain), their free-choice ingestion of ethanol during the next 24 h is reduced by an amount approximating the injected amount. The ethanol-intake control system of these mice is evidently not dependent upon taste or other stimuli associated with ingestion.

Isolation of leucogenenol from bovine and human liver.

Abstract: A compound has been isolated from both bovine and human liver that on intravenous or intraperitoneal injection into animals induces in 4–12h an increase in the number of peripheral neutrophils, and in 12–24h an increase in the number of peripheral lymphocytes. At 24h after injection there is also a two- to three-fold increase in the relative number of myeloblasts in the bone marrow. The procedure for isolation and the physical and chemical properties identify the compound as leucogenenol, isolated from the metabolic products of Penicillium gilmanii by Rice (1966).

Studies on the induction and time course of repressionof delayed hypersensitivity in the mouse by low and high doses of antigen.

Abstract: CAF1 and CF-1 female mice pretreated with small or large quantities of the protein antigens chicken egg albumin or human serum albumin had their capacities to develop delayed hypersensitivity and some humoral antibodies in response to injection of these antigens in Freund's incomplete adjuvant specifically repressed. Repression following a single intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg of human serum albumin in saline was maximal at 2 weeks. Two appropriately spaced pretreatments were approximately 100-fold more effectual than one in eliciting repression, perhaps because of a secondary antibody response. Pretreatment with antigen in an inefficient variety of Freund's incomplete adjuvant also induced immunologic repression both at high (100 and 10 mg) and very low (optimal = 0·01 γg) doses; but this repression was weaker than that following pretreatment with antigen in saline. One experiment comparing four injection routes for relative capacity to induce repression showed no one clearly superior to the others, although the intravenous route gave some indication of being so. Repression affecting induction of delayed hypersensitivity lasted for 12 weeks in CF-1 and 30 weeks in CAF1 mice, receded slowly thereafter, and was not followed by spontaneous sensitization. Among humoral antibody responses, pretreatment-induced repression affected Arthus sensitization, and passive haemagglutinin, precipitin and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis antibody production, roughly in descending order. Data from these experiments seem most compatible with the idea that the repression studied is active rather than passive and due, perhaps, to a humoral antibody which represses sensitization.

Effect of statolon on lactate dehydrogenase virus infection in mice.

Abstract: Statolon, an interferon inducer, was found to be effective in inhibiting the multiplication of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) virus in mice. Under the conditions tested, optimal protection was achieved by a single intraperitoneal injection (4.5 mg/20 to 22 g mouse) given 6 to 12 hours prior to the challenge. When various dilutions of the virus were compared, a relationship was observed between the original dose and the loss in titer at 24 hours. The results are interpreted as evidence supporting the view that interferon plays a role in the abrupt suppression of the initial high rate of LDH virus replication.

Early Stimulation of Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis in Livers from Triiodothyronine-Injected Mice

Abstract: The incorporation of 14C-leucine into mitochondrial protein was increased 15% within 3 hr following the intraperitoneal injection of L-triiodothyronine into euthyroid mice; at the same time 14C-leucine incorporation into microsomal protein was unchanged. At 24 and 48 hr following a single injection of triiodothyronine mitochondrial incorporation was approximately doubled.

Extent of specific to nonspecific resistance in mice: parenteral versus aerosol challenge.

Abstract: Quantitative data were gathered concerning the extent of resistance induced in mice immunized by specific and nonspecific means and subsequently challenged both parenterally and by aerosol. Animals were immunized specifically by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of Formalin-killed Klebsiella pneumoniae type I, which was also employed as a challenge organism. The intraperitoneal ld50 was 30 bacilli. Nonspecific resistance was induced by injection of a Boivin preparation of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. Nonspecific resistance was highest 24 hr after injection of 10 μg of endotoxin. At this time, more than half of the mice survived challenge with 102 but not with 103ld50. Specifically immunized mice were resistant to as much as 105ld50, depending upon the route of immunization. Potency ratios for parenteral challenge were: nonspecific to normal, 100; specific to normal, 104 to 105; specific to nonspecific, 102 to 103. Employing aerosol challenge, specific immunization protected in the ld100 range; nonspecifically immunized animals showed significant prolongation of survival time, but the 30-day mortality was similar to the control group.

Effect of Pilocarpine on Protein Synthesis in the Hamster Submandibular Gland

Abstract: Many histomorphological studies of the secretory cycle in salivary glands have been done (0. JARvI, Z Zellforsch 30:156-170, 1939; A. AMSTERDAM, I. OHAD, and M. SCHRAMM, J Cell Biol 41:753-773, 1969). However, little is known about concomitant rates of protein synthesis. Junqueira (Sekretion und Exkretion, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1965, p 31) has suggested that the synthetic phase of the secretary cycle is linked to the extrusion phase by a positive feedback system. The present investigation studied the effect of pilocarpine-induced secretion on protein synthesis in acinar and granular duct cells of the hamster submandibular gland. Young adult, male, golden Syrian hamsters (Cricetus auratus) were fasted for 48 hours but were allowed water ad libitum. Each of 23 hamsters received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg/100 gm body weight of pilocarpine hydrochloride in 1.0 ml of physiologic saline. Four control hamsters were given 1.0 ml of saline alone. At various intervals (Fig 1, 2) after injection, each animal received a single intravenous injection of 5 Rtc/gm body weight of L-leucine-4,5-3H in 0.01 N HCl.* All hamsters were killed 30 minutes after isotope injection, and the submandibular glands were fixed in Bouin-Hollande solution. Autoradiographs of 5 micrometer ([tm) sections were prepared using liquified NTB 2 emulsion.t Autoradiographs were analyzed, with the aid of an ocular reticle, by counting silver grains over the cytoplasm of each of 50 acinar and granular duct cells of similar size and shape. The statistical method of moving averages was used to describe all curves (J. P. GUILFORD, Fundamental Statistics, 1956). Studies have demonstrated that only a negligible amount of free or sonically bound radioactive leucine is retained in Bouin-fixed histologic sections after amino acid injection (B. DROZ and H. WARSHAWSKY, J Histochem Cytochem 11:426-435, 1963) and it is generaliy accepted that the radioactive particles recorded by the nuclear emulsion are emitted by labeled leucine molecules that have been incorporated into the structure of newly synthesized proteins. Pilocarpine produced an accelerated flow of saliva with no apparent changes in the gross or microanatomic appearance of the submandibular gland. The acinar and granular duct cells

Formation and excretion of taurine in x-irradiated rats.

Abstract: SummaryUrinary excretion profiles of taurine have been estimated in male Wistar rats exposed to doses of x-rays ranging from 100–1000 R. Maximum levels were observed in urine collected 24 hours after irradiation. Urinary taurine returned to normal values within 48 hours only in rats which had received sublethal doses (100–400 R). The high taurine levels persisted even after 72 hours in rats receiving more than LD50, i.e. 600–1000 R. The dose–response relationship obtained indicates a sort of a threshold dose beyond which the recovery mechanisms apparently do not operate.Urinary excess of taurine could be ascribed to enhanced liver cysteic acid decarboxylase activity. The increase in enzyme activity corresponds to the maximum appearance of taurine in the urine. Cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase did not show any variation.Formation of taurine in vivo was also followed up after intraperitoneal injection of cysteine-3-14C. There was enhanced recovery of radioactivity of the injected amino acid in blood an...