Showing papers on "Low protein published in 1969"

Cellulolytic bacteria occurring in the rumen of sheep conditioned to low-protein teff hay.

Abstract: SUMMARY: From a large number of cultures of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from rumen contents of sheep conditioned to low-protein teff hay through the use of both a selective medium containing finely ground cellulose as energy source and a less selective medium containing cellobiose, xylan and starch, thirty isolates, representing three morphological types, were selected for detailed characterization. Nineteen isolates of Gram-negative curved rods belonged to the genus Butyrivibrio. Of these one was identical with and ten closely related to B. fibrisolvens. The remaining eight Butyrivibrio cultures differed in several respects from the only other defined species within this genus, B. alactacidigens. Four coccal isolates were identified as Ruminococcus albus and five as R. flavefaciens. Two strains of sporeformers belonged to the genus Clostridium but could not be identified with any of the cellulolytic species of this genus listed by Bergey's Manual.

The establishment and survival of Oesophagostomum columbianum in male and female sheep given high and low protein diets.

Abstract: Young sheep fed on a low protein (6%) diet were more susceptible to infection with O. columbianum than those on a high protein (18%) diet. Both the number of adult nematodes recovered 56 days after infection, and the fecundity of the female worms prior to autopsy, were greater in the former group. Examinations at the 10th and 56th days after infection revealed a marked reduction with time in the numbers and extent of distribution of macroscopic nodules, associated with the parasite, throughout the intestines; no differences associated with the diet were recorded. Differences in the susceptibility of the host were also associated with the host’s sex. Thus the male sheep generally harboured more adult nematodes than the female sheep at autopsy. This effect was most pronounced with the sheep on the low protein diet. The female nematodes which parasitized the female sheep were more fecund than those in the male sheep.

Strongly acid intestinal content and lowered protein, carotene and vitamin A blood levels in Eimeria acervulina infected chickens.

Abstract: It has been shown that E. acervulina infection in the chicken is attended with a strongly acid reaction of the intestinal content. The protein present in the intestinal wall is affected and therefore carotene cannot be taken up. The carotene, vitamin A and protein concentrations in the blood decrease much. Due to the low protein concentration the liver cannot maintain the normal vitamin A level in the blood. It has been established that these phenomenons begin at an early stage of the infection and the symptoms are observed best by the decrease of the carotene level in the blood.

The effect of level of protein in silage on the intake and production of dairy cows

Abstract: Two silages of contrasting protein content were compared in a 16-week winter-feeding experiment with 12 Ayrshire cows. One silage contained 8.2% DCP in its DM and the other 15.9% DCP. The silages were fed ad lib. with a supplement of either barley or barley plus groundnut cake. The DM digestibilities of the low and high protein silages were 74 and 67%, respectively, and the calculated S.E.s 56 and 47. Silage and total DM intakes were highest in the treatments containing low protein silage and in those containing groundnut. The mean daily milk yields for the treatments with and without groundnut were 35.4 and 32.s5 Ib (16.1 and 14.8 kg), respectively, with the high-protein silage, and 38.1 and 35.0 Ib (17.3 and 15.9 kg) with the low-protein silage. The S.N.F. contents of the milk were low and averaged 8.26 and 8.34% on the high- and low-protein silage treatments, respectively, and were not affected significantly by the supplements. It is concluded that the low-protein silage was superior to the high-protein silage as a feed for cows, and that the digestibility of the silage DM was a truer indication of quality than protein content.

Extent of Solubilization of α-Cellulose and Hemicellulose of Low-protein Teff Hay by Pure Cultures of Cellulolytic Rumen Bacteria

Abstract: SUMMARY: Ten isolates belonging to the genus Butyri vibrio and two each of Ruminococcusalbus, R. flavefaciens and an unidentified Clostridium sp. were isolated from high dilutions of rumen fluid from sheep conditioned to low-protein teff hay. The butyrivibrios solubilized between 10 and 37 % of the α-cellulose of the hay (average 21 %). The two isolates of Ruminococcus albus degraded 43 and 56 % of the α-cellulose and the two of R. flavefaciens 39 and 66%, while the two Clostridium cultures achieved only 10% degradation. Hemicellulose degradation by the Butyrivibrio isolates was between 25 and 67% (mean 48 %) and that by the four Ruminococcus cultures between 47 and 65 %. One of the Clostridium cultures solubilized 21 % and the other 51 % of the hemicellulose. The butyrivibrios appear capable of contributing a greater share towards cellulose digestion in ruminants on low-protein hay than has been inferred from qualitative in vitro tests for cellulolysis, using refined cellulose preparations; they are probably less active than the ruminococci.

Evaluation of a New Concentrate for the Treatment of Factor IX Deficiency

Abstract: A commercially prepared plasma concentrate was administered in six infusions to four patients with factor IX deficiency. All showed a distinct rise in the factor IX level. On the basis of the preliminary data a dose of 2 factor IX units per kilogram of body weight could be expected to produce a 1 percent rise in the factor IX level. Larger doses may be necessary in the actively bleeding patient. No serious side effects were observed. The increased factor IX concentration and the relatively low protein content of the material greatly reduces the possibility of precipitating circulatory overload while still achieving hemostatic factor IX levels.

The relationship between an elevated serum amino acid ratio and the development of other biological abnormalities in the experimentally malnourished pig.

Abstract: 1. Weanling pigs were fed under three dietary regimens, control, low protein and total calorie restricted.2. In the protein-deficient group the amino acid ratio did not start to become elevated until growth was impaired and total serum protein and albumin concentration began to fall.3. In the protein-deficient group, but not in the control or undernourished animals, the magnitude of the ratio was statistically correlated with the rate of growth, appetite, serum protein and albumin concentration and hydroxyproline excretion.4. The results provide information on the relationship between the serum amino acid ratio and nutritional status.

Pattern of essential amino acid requirement for growing rats fed on a low amino acid diet.

Abstract: Requirement pattern of essential amino acids for growing rats was investigated at low dietary level of nitrogen (0.62% of nitrogen) for the basic knowledge of amino acid supplementation to low protein diets. The basal diet contained 3% of essential amino acid mixture and 2% of non-essential amino acid mixture with appropriate amount of the other nutrients. The present pattern indicated relatively lower requirement for lysine and rather higher requirement for phenylalanine, valine and arginine as compared with those of several workers obtained for maximum growth of rats with diet containing sufficient amount of nitrogen. Application of dose response curves of each amino acid for the estimation of the order of the limiting amino acids was suggested.

Effects of different supplements to low protein and poor quality protein diets on performance and brain enzymes in the albino rat.

Abstract: — Groups of albino rats were fed low and high protein diets and the former group was fed with different supplements. The supplements used were niacin, pyridoxine and glutamic acid. A low protein diet was found to decrease the activities of l-glutamate-NAD-oxidoreductase and l-glutamate-1-carboxy-lyase in the cerebrum; this confirmed the results of previous work in this laboratory. Addition of glutamic acid to a low protein diet was found to reverse the effects of a low protein diet to some extent. Groups of animals were fed kodri (Paspalum scorbiculatum), a millet deficient in lysine, with or without lysine itself or foodstuffs rich in it, e.g. moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq.), peas (Pisum sativuni) and skim milk powder. When combined, the groups fed on the lysine or lysine-source supplemented diets were found to perform better in a water maze on the basis of the relative ease with which they could reverse a previous learned pattern. They also had higher activities of l-glutamate-NAD-oxidoreductase and l-glutamate-1-carboxy-lyase than groups with no lysine or lysine source added. There was no significant difference between the groups receiving the different lysine supplements.

The effect on the reproductive performance of sows of dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

Abstract: In a factorial experiment the effect of two protein intakes and three patterns of feeding in the second pregnancy of 48 Large White x Wessex Saddleback sows was examined. The high protein (HP) diet (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white fish meal. The low protein (LP) diet (10·5% crude protein) contained cereal protein only. Nutrient components of the diets differed in protein only. The pattern treatments involved allowances of 1·8 kg (L), 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy patterns being HL, C and LH with the changeovers made from the 49th to the 63rd day post coitum (p.c). Sows on the three pattern treatments received the same total amount of feed from 0–112 days p.c. and were treated alike at farrowing and during lactation.Fertility and parturition results were similar for all treatments, but the number of piglets alive after birth (when weighed) was least for LP sows on the HL pattern. At 3 weeks of age the size and weight of litters on HP sows were significantly greater than those on LP sows (P < 0·05 and < 0·001 respectively). More piglets were weaned by HP sows than LP sows (P < 0·05). HP sows gained more weight in pregnancy (P < 0·001) which was slightly longer, and lost more weight in lactation (P < 0·05) than LP sows.The HL pattern of feeding was associated with smaller live weight gains in pregnancy than the LH pattern (P < 0·001) and the total birth weight of HL litters was lighter than LH (P < 0·05), mean piglet weights being similar. Lactation performance was unaffected by pattern treatment.The main conclusion is that a low intake, particularly during the latter half of pregnancy, of protein which is of vegetable origin, is associated with decreased viability of the piglets at birth and in early suckling life, and with lower capacity of the sows for milk production.

Production of nutritional cirrhosis in Macacca mulatta monkeys.

Abstract: Hepatic cirrhosis remains a major medical challenge both in regard to its pathogenesis and its treatment. The natural course of Laennec's cirrhosis, particularly its early development, does not lend itself to detailed clinical investigation, even if its victims were not so characteristically uncooperative. On the other hand, attempts to produce cirrhosis in experimental animals have either employed methods which produce a pathologic lesion significantly different from that encountered clinically (eg, carbon tetrachloride), or involved species whose livers exhibit important anatomical and physiological differences from man, or which are too small for detailed hemodynamic studies of portal hypertension and its modification by surgical shunting procedures. The production of nutritional cirrhosis in subhuman primates offers an opportunity to overcome some of these difficulties; preliminary reports by Wilgram 1 and Gaisford and Zuidema 2 of the production of an early "Laennec" type of cirrhosis in monkeys by a low protein, choline deficient diet

Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) deficiency. A problem in the diagnosis of thyroid disease.

Abstract: The condition in three affected euthyroid males and two affected euthyroid females from two families with X-chromosome-linked hereditary deficiency of thyroxine binding globulin was misdiagnosed as thyroid disease because of the low protein bound iodine (PBI) content. In addition, one affected woman was found with undiagnosed hypothyroidism. The low PBI level in these patients led to the treatment for hypothyroidism although they appeared to be clinically euthyroid. The combination of the PBI value and triiodothyronine resin uptake is found most useful in patients with an abnormal PBI value who have suspected thyroid disease or thyroxine binding protein abnormality or both. Both these tests are readily available.

Relationships between Oesophagostomum columbianum infection and the nutritional status of sheep. I. Effects on growth and feed utilization

Abstract: The infection of young sheep with 1500 infective larvae of the parasitic nematode Oesophagostomurn columbianum was associated with loss of weight of degree and duration varying with the plane of nutrition. Greater losses of weight were observed in sheep maintained on a low protein ration of chaffed wheaten straw and molasses than in those on a high protein ration of chaffed lucerne. A similar situation was observed with all the other parameters which were measured. Furthermore, within the low plane group those animals which were infected with five consecutive daily doses of 300 larvae were more severely affected in terms of all the parameters than were those infected with a single dose of 1500 larvae. Loss of weight was associated with marked reductions in the feed intake of the animals following infection. The utilization of feed expressed as kilograms of body weight gained or lost per unit of either total feed or crude protein consumed was more severely depressed in all infected sheep compared with their "pair-fed" controls. The water, sodium, and potassium contents of the faeces increased in association with the infection.

Oxidation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in Rhodospirillum rubrum. 3. Properties of a NADH dehydrogenase solubilized from electron transport particles.

Abstract: The properties of a NADH dehydrogenase which was solubilized from the electron transport particulate fraction of R. rubrum by treatment with DOC were investigated. 1. The solubilized activity was further purified by DEAE-chromatography (total purification appr. 30fold). The purified enzyme preparation, because of its very low protein concentration, is extremely unstable. 2. The molecular weight of the solubilized enzyme, as determined by gelfiltration through Sephadex, is 75,000. 3. The solubilization increases the affinity of the enzyme for the electron aceptors, while the affinity for its substrate remains unchanged. 4. The enzyme is increasingly inactivated by dilution in buffer. 5. Incubation with the substrate NADH rapidly inactivates the enzyme. This inactivation is specific (NADPH inactivates only at much higher concentrations, NAD and NADP are without effect), it is complete and also irreversible. No protection can be achieved. 6. 2×10-4M PCMB or mersalyl completely inhibit the enzyme, EMI is without effect. There is no evidence for an inhibition, by PCMB or mersalyl when the system is pretreated with NADH (SH-group of Tyler et al., 1965). 7. o-phenanthroline is the only chelating agent found to interact with the NADH dehydrogenase.

Dietetic low protein bread mix and bread produced therefrom

Abstract: A DIETETIC LOW PROTEIN BREAD MIX CVOMPRISED OF FAT, SUGAR, WHEAT STARCH CONTAINING WHEAT GLUTEN, AND A STRUCTURE ENHANCER ADDED TO THE MIX TO PRODUCE A LOW PROTEIN CONTENT BREAD HAVING A STRUCTURE, TASTE, AND APPEARANCE SIMILAR TO THAT OF CONVENTIONAL WHITE BEAD.

Genetic Variability for Soybean Seed Composition in Crosses Between High- and Low- Protein Parents

Abstract: The genetic variability for seed composition between high and low protein soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) parents was evaluated. Wells and Woodworth were the low-protein cultivars, and PI 153.269 and Pando were plant introductions with high protein content. Wells was crossed to PI 153.269 and two back crosses to Wells were obtained. Woodworth was crossed to Pando, and two backcrosses were made to Woodworth. F 2 -, BC 1 F 1 -, and BC 2 F 1 -derived lines and the parents were evaluated in two environments. Protein and oil percentages were measured by infrared analysis. No line from either set of crosses had protein concentrations as high as those of the high-protein donor parent. The F 2 -derived line with the highest protein from the cross Wells x PI 153.269 had 48.0%, whereas PI 153.279 had 49.4%. In the Woodworth x Pando cross, the best F 2 -derived line had 46.0%, whereas Pando had 49.2%. Mean protein percentage and genetic variance of the populations decreased with each backcross. Broad sense heritabilities on an entry mean basis ranged from 0.76 to 0.89. Discussed here are the implications of these findings in relationship to a breeding method tor protein improvement.

Relationships between Oesophagostomum columbianum infection and the nutritional status of sheep. II. Haematological changes

Abstract: Young sheep maintained on a low protein ration showed significant reductions in haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and number of circulating erythrocytes following infection with 1500 Oesophagostomum columbianum larvae. Similar infections of sheep maintained on a high protein ration had no significant effect on the various haematological values. The development of anaemia in the inadequately fed sheep was more severe in those animals which had been infected with five consecutive daily doses of 300 larvae than in those which had received 1500 larvae in a single dose. Little change was apparent throughout the experiment in the values for the mean corpuscular values of volume, haemoglobin, and haemoglobin concentration.