Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 2003"
01 Oct 2003-International Journal of Human-computer Studies \/ International Journal of Man-machine Studies
TL;DR: In this article, specific risk facets were operationalized, integrated, and empirically tested within the Technology Acceptance Model resulting in a proposed e-services adoption model, which indicated that adoption is adversely affected primarily by performance-based risk perceptions, and perceived ease of use of the e-service reduced these risk concerns.
Abstract: Internet-delivered e-services are increasingly being made available to consumers; however, little is known about how consumers evaluate them for potential adoption. Past Technology Adoption Research has focused primarily on the positive utility gains attributable to system adoption. This research extends that approach to include measures of negative utility (potential losses) attributable to e-service adoption. Drawing from Perceived Risk Theory, specific risk facets were operationalized, integrated, and empirically tested within the Technology Acceptance Model resulting in a proposed e-services adoption model. Results indicated that e-services adoption is adversely affected primarily by performance-based risk perceptions, and perceived ease of use of the e-service reduced these risk concerns. Implications of integrating perceived risk into the proposed e-services adoption model are discussed.
2,076 citations
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine how external constraints affect organizations and how to design and manage organizations under such constraints, taking a resource dependence perspective on organizations, including the concentration and availability of resources, the role of managers, interdependence among organizations, the environment, and organizational structure.
Abstract: Examines how external constraints affect organizations and how to design and manage organizations under such constraints. Taking a resource dependence perspective on organizations, the book discusses basic components of control, including the concentration and availability of resources, the role of managers, interdependence among organizations, the environment, and organizational structure. Two case studies, one on Israeli managers and one on American defense contractors, exemplify how governmental external control affects organizational choice. In the case of the Israeli managers, the managers' responses regarding the size of the return they would be willing to give up to invest in a government-created development area were positively correlated with the proportion of the firm's government sales. Similarly, the study of American defense contractors examined how willing they were to comply with affirmative action laws for employment of women, finding a strong correlation between positive replies to women seeking employment and government dependence. Dependence is not restricted to the government, however, as firms are heavily reliant upon resources made available to them from other organizations. Despite external control, the organization is able to achieve internal control to a certain extent, stabilizing activities by institutionalizing roles and patterns of behavior. The question of power within organizations requires further study, as organizations are coalitions of interest and only some interests and goals are accomplished at the expense of others. Organizations also serve to create and transact ideas and the influence these ideas create, so that influence and control are multidirectional. Conclusions show that organizations are not autonomous entities, but are reliant upon the larger network of organizations within the environment - through which they must strive to manipulate resources to survive. (CJC)
1,433 citations
TL;DR: The genesis of the cumulative advantage/disadvantage perspective in studies of science, its initial articulation with structural-functionalism, and its expanding importance for gerontology are reviewed; its intellectual relevance for several other established theoretical paradigms in sociology, psychology, and economics is discussed.
Abstract: Age and cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory have obvious logical, theoretical, and empirical connections, because both are inherently and irreducibly related to the passage of time. Over the past 15 years, these connections have resulted in the elaboration and application of the cumulative advantage-disadvantage perspective in social gerontology, especially in relation to issues of heterogeneity and inequality. However, its theoretical origins, connections, and implications are not widely understood. This article reviews the genesis of the cumulative advantage/disadvantage perspective in studies of science, its initial articulation with structural-functionalism, and its expanding importance for gerontology. It discusses its intellectual relevance for several other established theoretical paradigms in sociology, psychology, and economics. On the basis of issues deriving from these perspectives and from the accumulating body of work on cumulative advantage and disadvantage, I identify several promising directions for further research in gerontology.
1,426 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that to understand the variable consequences of comparison, one has to examine what target knowledge is activated during the comparison process, which is conceptualized in a selective accessibility model that distinguishes 2 fundamental comparison processes.
Abstract: This article proposes an informational perspective on comparison consequences in social judgment. It is argued that to understand the variable consequences of comparison, one has to examine what target knowledge is activated during the comparison process. These informational underpinnings are conceptualized in a selective accessibility model that distinguishes 2 fundamental comparison processes. Similarity testing selectively makes accessible knowledge indicating target-standard similarity, whereas dissimilarity testing selectively makes accessible knowledge indicating target-standard dissimilarity. These respective subsets of target knowledge build the basis for subsequent target evaluations, so that similarity testing typically leads to assimilation whereas dissimilarity testing typically leads to contrast. The model is proposed as a unifying conceptual framework that integrates diverse findings on comparison consequences in social judgment.
1,167 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue for relationship management as a general theory of public relations and offer suggestions for future research within a relational paradigm, and summarize the relevant literature, and construct a theoretical statement of that perspective.
Abstract: Although the relationship management perspective of public relations is the focus of a substantial body of scholarship, a theory of that perspective has yet to be articulated and explicated. Herein, I review the emergence of the relational perspective, summarize the relevant literature, and construct a theoretical statement of that perspective. I then argue for relationship management as a general theory of public relations and offer suggestions for future research within a relational paradigm.
618 citations
TL;DR: Many policies dealing with conflict of interest seempremised on thisunderstanding of bias, for example, policies on gift size and the recent guidelines for indus-tryputforth by thePharmaceuticalResearch andManufac-turers of America.
Abstract: -cal or professional interest clashes with financialself-interest, a situation that arises commonly inmedical practice. When physicians are remuner-atedforperformingspecifictestsandprocedures,theyfaceaconflictofinterestwhentheyalsorecommendthosesametestsandprocedures.Whentheyarepaidforreferralstoclini-caltrials,physiciansareintheconflictedpositionofdecid-ing whether their patients are appropriate for the studies.Performingindustry-supportedresearch,physiciansfaceanimplicit demand for a positive finding to obtain further fi-nancialsupport.And,whenpharmaceuticalcompaniescourthigh-volumeprescribers,writingprescriptionsbecomesanactnotonlywithfinancialandhealthconsequencesforpa-tients, but also with financial consequences for the physi-cian.Thislastsourceofconflictofinterestisthecentralfo-cus of this commentary.Indiscussionsofgiftsfromindustry,whetherinmedicaljournals, the media, or in political debates, it is possible toglimpse a common perspective. The biasing effect of ac-ceptinggiftsistreatedasamatterofdeliberatechoice.Theconventionalperspectiveonacceptinggiftsimpliesthatphy-sicianswhoarebiasedbytheprospectofpersonalgainsaredecidingtodosomethingunethical.Undoubtedly,thisper-spectivecontributestotheindignationwithwhichmanyphy-sicians respond when it is suggested that gifts create bias.Becausethebiasisseenasintentional,anallegationofbiasis an implicit accusation of impropriety.Many policies dealing with conflict of interest seempremisedonthisunderstanding of bias. For example, con-sider policies on gift size. The recent guidelines for indus-tryputforthbythePharmaceuticalResearchandManufac-turers of America
555 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a five-dimensional model for quality of life research is presented, and a number of key conceptual and methodological issues examined, and two exemplar case studies are employed to illustrate the application of the fivedimensional social geographical perspective in a real world context.
521 citations
Book•
21 Jul 2003
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-modelling system that automates the very labor-intensive and therefore time-heavy and expensive process of manually cataloging and evaluating the properties of a model-based system.
Abstract: List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Foundations 3. Model 4. Applications 5. Advanced topics 6. Conclusion References Index.
517 citations
Book•
01 Apr 2003
TL;DR: Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital as discussed by the authors presents a novel interpretation of the good and bad times in the economy, taking a long-term perspective and linking technology and finance in an original and convincing way.
Abstract: Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital presents a novel interpretation of the good and bad times in the economy, taking a long-term perspective and linking technology and finance in an original and convincing way.
499 citations
TL;DR: This article examined whether perspective taking promotes improved intergroup attitudes regardless of the extent that stereotypic perceptions of outgroups are endorsed, as well as examining the mechanisms (attributional or empathy related) by which perspective taking motivates improved group attitudes.
Abstract: This research was designed to examine whether perspective taking promotes improved intergroup attitudes regardless of the extent that stereotypic perceptions of outgroups are endorsed, as well as examining the mechanisms (attributional or empathy related) by which perspective taking motivates improved intergroup attitudes. Participants were presented with an interview segment where an African American interviewee discussed the difficulties experienced as a result of his membership in a negatively stereotyped group. Materials were presented in a 2 (perspective taking: other focused or objective focused) × 2 (target stereotypicality: confirming or disconfirming) between participants design. Findings revealed that the manipulation of target stereotypicality influenced subsequent stereotype endorsement; those exposed to a stereotype confirming target later endorsed more stereotypic perceptions of African Americans than did those exposed to a stereotype disconfirming target. However, perspective taking promoted improved intergroup attitudes irrespective of stereotypicality; those encouraged to adopt the perspective of the target later reported more favourable intergroup attitudes than did those who remained detached and objective listeners. Whereas empathy partially mediated the relation between perspective taking and intergroup attitudes, situational attributions were a stronger and more reliable mediator. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this article, a theory of expertise recognition and utilization in groups that focuses on the critical role of members' status cues as indicators of task expertise is developed and tested, and the theory draws on the concept of status cues.
Abstract: This paper develops and tests a theory of expertise recognition and utilization in groups that focuses on the critical role of members' status cues as indicators of task expertise. The theory draws...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the collective action problem from a policy network perspective, by explaining impasses and breakthroughs in decision-making processes from a cognitive, a social, and an institutional point of view.
Abstract: Policy makers in today's network society are increasingly confronted with complex and wicked policy problems that require collective action. This article analyzes such a collective action problem from a policy network perspective. By explaining impasses and breakthroughs in decision-making processes from a cognitive, a social, and an institutional point of view, the network perspective offers explanations for the presence and absence of collective action.
TL;DR: This study provides congruent results at the conceptual level with previous studies investigating the neural correlates of self/other distinction at the motor level, and opens a new area of research in which conceptual cognition can be viewed in the continuity of motor cognition.
Abstract: Social communication requires shared representations as well as a cognitive flexibility for successful interactions between self and other. What neural mechanisms underlie the ability to distinguish between our own perspective vs. the perspective of others at a conceptual level? In this PET study subjects who were medical students were asked according to the experimental conditions to respond to a list of health-related questions, taking either their own perspective or the perspective of a 'lay person'. Third-person perspective as compared to first-person perspective was associated with activation in the medial part of the superior frontal gyrus, in the left superior temporal sulcus, in the left temporal pole and in the right inferior parietal lobe. The reverse comparison revealed a specific activation in the postcentral gyrus for the first-person conceptual perspective. This study provides congruent results at the conceptual level with previous studies investigating the neural correlates of self/other distinction at the motor level, and opens a new area of research in which conceptual cognition can be viewed in the continuity of motor cognition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on mentorship effectiveness from the perspective of the mentor and investigated factors related to relationship quality and learning, and found that mentors in relationships with others perceived to be similar reported the mentorship to be of higher quality and greater learning than did mentors in relationship with less similar others.
01 Jan 2003
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The goal of this chapter is to provide a theoretical overview of the topic areas by integrating prior findings with current perspectives.
Abstract: Recent empirical advances on the relationship between the P3a and P3b event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have suggested a plausible approach to how these potentials may interact. The purpose of this chapter is to review the issues surrounding these developments. The chapter is organized into several sections: First, the empirical background of the P3a and P3b subcomponent distinction is limned. Second, a theoretical perspective of P300 is presented. Third, the neuropsychological basis for the P300 component is outlined in terms of how these subcomponents may be related. The goal is to provide a theoretical overview of the topic areas by integrating prior findings with current perspectives.
TL;DR: The first in a pair of articles on corporate social responsibility (CSR) as discussed by the authors provides an overview of mining companies' role in sustainable development, from a business perspective and in the South African context, arguing that companies' social and environmental responsibilities are increasing, due to global changes in the way the role of business is perceived, South African policy developments, as well as a strong 'business case' for companies to actively support sustainable development beyond philanthropy and impact mitigation.
Abstract: This article - the first in a pair of articles on corporate social responsibility (CSR) - provides an overview of mining companies' role in sustainable development, from a business perspective and in the South African context. It argues that companies' social and environmental responsibilities are increasing, due to global changes in the way the role of business is perceived, South African policy developments, as well as a strong 'business case' for companies to actively support sustainable development - beyond philanthropy and impact mitigation. Partnerships between companies, the government and civil society are introduced as a potentially effective and efficient strategy for CSR. They are no panacea, however, and require a commitment to local communities' rights to informed prior consent and authentic participation. CSR hence presents mining companies with significant challenges. Given committed leadership and the right approach, it can entail important opportunities as well. Particular attention will ...
01 Sep 2003
TL;DR: A longitudinal study at four companies provides valuable insights about the evolution of IT outsourcing relationships.
Abstract: A longitudinal study at four companies provides valuable insights about the evolution of IT outsourcing relationships.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the concept of sustainable consumption by focusing on the consumption habits of Irish consumers and find that consumers themselves view environmental problems from a supply and not a demand perspective, and they focus on issues such as recycling and waste and not consumption itself.
Abstract: This paper examines the concept of sustainable consumption by focusing on the consumption habits of Irish consumers. The key research findings fit into three broad and interrelated categories. Firstly, whilst recent sustainable consumption literature suggests that new research should focus on the issue of consumption, in and of itself, our study shows that consumers themselves view environmental problems from a supply and not a demand perspective. They focus on issues such as recycling and waste and not consumption itself. Secondly, our study shows that consumers have green opinions about very diverse issues and these are directly related to the individuals' lifestyles. Finally, our research shows that “material green” consumers are buying into a particular image in their consumption practices. This is very much connected to the meanings of their consumption that are derived from the communication value they attach to commodities. As such our study provides support for earlier conceptual research which su...
20 Oct 2003
TL;DR: Sustaining the Military Enterprise ERPEaches or Pieces Order Fulfillment, Design, and Operations Handbook, and the Implications of Modern Enterprise Information Systems: Technologies and Applications.
Abstract: Completely revised and updated, ERP: Tools, Techniques, and Applications for Integrating the Supply Chain, Second Edition describes, from the perspective of a business manager, concepts and tools for enterprise planning, management, and execution. The text is written in an easy-to-read format, with many real examples from a variety of industries th
TL;DR: Gender and program effects were looking for, and participants training to teach at the secondary level had higher computer self-efficacy, and were less likely to predict that they would give up or avoid a challenging computer task than were elementary teacher-candidates.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between land-use patterns and individual mobility from a comparative international perspective is explored, and a comparative analysis of land use patterns and mobility in the US is presented.
Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between land-use patterns and individual mobility from a comparative international perspective. There is a vast literature on US automobile dependence. Major ex...