Showing papers on "R-CAST published in 1986"
TL;DR: In this article, an interactionist model of ethical decision making in organizations is proposed, which combines individual variables (moral development, etc.) with situational variables to explain and predict the ethical decision-making behavior of individuals in organizations.
Abstract: An interactionist model of ethical decision making in organizations is proposed. The model combines individual variables (moral development, etc.) with situational variables to explain and predict the ethical decision-making behavior of individuals in organizations. A major component of the model is based on Kohlberg's cognitive moral development model which provides the construct definition, measurement tools, and theory base to guide future business ethics research. Research propositions are offered and practical implications are discussed.
3,102 citations
TL;DR: It appears that color is more advantageous when associated with graphical reports, for certain decision maker types, during learning periods, and in time constrained environments.
Abstract: A series of three laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the influence of graphical and color-enhanced information presentation modes on decision quality, decision making time, use of information, and user perceptions. The experimental design allowed for the unconfounded study of line graphs and color using a variety of information presentation designs for the same decision making task. Based on the findings of these studies, propositions about the impact of graphics and color on individual decision makers are presented. The influence of presentation mode on human performance and the perceived value of information is related to how well it supports the solution approach to a particular task. The benefits of graphics are limited to reducing decision making time but only when the graphical report has been designed to directly assist in solving the task. Multicolor reports aid in decision making, but only in specific circumstances, that is, their benefits are not pervasive. It appears that color is more advantageous when associated with graphical reports, for certain decision maker types, during learning periods, and in time constrained environments.
223 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that computerized decision aids should be adopted cautiously if such aids result in positive user affect and heightened decision confidence without corresponding improvements in decision quality, they may be dysfunctional.
Abstract: Decision analysis tools often are used in semistructured and ill-structured situations. While some researchers have argued that computerized decision analysis programs may improve decision quality in such situations, research support for this assertion is weak.
In this laboratory study, business students used a computerized decision-analysis program with short strategic-management cases to prepare decision reports. Independent raters' perceptions of aided and unaided decision performance were contrasted, attitudes of students toward the program were assessed, individual differences were correlated with attitudes, and the program's impact on students' perceptions of their decision processes and performance was examined.
Student attitudes toward the computerized aid were favorable, and individual differences in reactions generally were as predicted. However, the program did not improve the independent ratings of students' decision reports and recommendations.
These findings suggest that computerized decision aids should be adopted cautiously. If such aids result in positive user affect and heightened decision confidence without corresponding improvements in decision quality, they may be dysfunctional. Rigorous research methodologies which incorporate independent evaluations of analyses and decisions are recommended for use in future research on computerized decision-analysis programs.
202 citations
170 citations
01 Jun 1986
TL;DR: Some of the important issues about the use of tools to support cognitive tasks, such as what is useful advice and what is an effective combination of multiple decision makers, that are raised by the capability to produce powerful, intelligent artificial systems are examined.
Abstract: Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are providing powerful new computational tools that greatly expand the potential to support cognitive activities in complex work environments (e.g., monitoring, planning, fault management, problem solving). The application of these tools, however, creates new challenges about how to “couple” human intelligence and machine power in a single integrated system that maximizes joint performance. This paper examines some of the important issues about the use of tools to support cognitive tasks, such as what is useful advice and what is an effective combination of multiple decision makers, that are raised by the capability to produce powerful, intelligent artificial systems.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory experiment examined the effects of applying decision support system (DSS) technology to decision making in ill-structured problem environments under varying information conditions, and the results indicated that all three factors significantly affect the number of alternatives considered by subjects during the decision-making process.
Abstract: A laboratory experiment examined the effects of applying decision support system (DSS) technology to decision making in ill-structured problem environments under varying information conditions. Marketing executives participated in the experiment which investigated the effects of DSS availability, DSS training, and data availability on dependent variables that included: (1) the number of alternatives considered by a subject during decision making, (2) the period of time spent by a subject to complete the decision-making process, (3) the subject's perceived confidence in the decisions he or she had made, (4) the amount of data considered by a subject's during decision making, (5) the individual subject's decision processing, and (6) the subject's performance overall. Our results indicate that all three factors significantly affect the number of alternatives considered by subjects during the decision-making process. We therefore suggest that DSS training be coordinated with decision training in order to realize the potential of DSSs as described in the DSS literature.
102 citations
03 Dec 1986
TL;DR: The design of a system to support the idea generation and analysis process in organization planning is presented and the findings of the research indicate that computer brainstorming stimulates task oriented behavior, decreases group interactions and equalizes participation.
Abstract: The increasing reliance on group decision-making in today's complex business environments and advances in microcomputer, telecommunications and graphic presentation technology have combined to create a growing interest in the design of group decision support systems (GDSS). Planning is an important group decision-making activity within organizations. Effective planning depends on the generation and analysis of innovative ideas. For this reason, the idea generation and management process has been chosen as the domain for the study of the design and implementation of a GDSS to support complex, unstructured group decision processes within organizations.The MIS Planning and Decision Laboratory has been constructed to provide a research facility for the study of the planning and decision process while top executives from a variety of organizations use the laboratory to conduct actual planning sessions for their organization. This paper presents the design of a system to support the idea generation and analysis process in organization planning. Results of research conducted in the MIS Planning and Decision Laboratory on the use of the Electronic Brainstorming system with over 100 planners from a variety of organizations are presented and discussed.The findings of the research indicate that computer brainstorming stimulates task oriented behavior, decreases group interactions and equalizes participation. Information presentation, network speed and typing skills of the upper level managers were identified as possible inhibitors of the idea generation process that must be considered in the design of the system and the methodology for its use. Planners using the GDSS reported high levels of satisfaction with the process and outcome of the planning sessions. They rated the computer as an important tool for idea generation and the computer brainstorming process as "Much Better" than manual brainstorming.
97 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents an architecture for defining and enforcing dynamic application-level protocols that organize decision group interaction and has been implemented on a network of personal computers in Co-oP, a GDSS for cooperative group decision making based on interactive, multiple-criteria decision methods.
Abstract: Decision Support Systems (DSSs), computer-based systems intended to assist managers in preparing and analyzing decisions, have been single-user systems for most of the past decade. Only recently has DSS research begun to study the implications of the fact that most complex managerial decisions involve multiple decision makers and analysts. A number of tools for facilitating group decisions have been proposed under the label Group Decision Support Systems (GDSSs).One of the most important functions of a GDSS is to provide problem-oriented services for communication among decision makers. On the basis of an analysis of the communication requirements in various group decision settings, this paper presents an architecture for defining and enforcing dynamic application-level protocols that organize decision group interaction. The architecture has been implemented on a network of personal computers in Co-oP, a GDSS for cooperative group decision making based on interactive, multiple-criteria decision methods.
93 citations
Journal Article•
83 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It appears that an expert DSS can provide support for both primary and secondary decision making and help ameliorate human cognitive limitations.
Abstract: There are three important considerations in DSS development. (1) Decision making involves both primary and secondary processes, where secondary processes concern selecting appropriate decision making tools, approaches, and information. (2) In making decisions, humans are subject to numerous cognitive limitations. (3) In order for end users to develop DSS. sophisticated, problem0-oriented DSS generators must replace technically demanding DSS tools. These three considerations can be effectively addressed by including expert system components in DSSs. An expert DSS for statistical analysis is proposed and used as an illustration. Decision making scenarios are used to indicate the potential of such a system. IN particular, it appears that an expert DSS can provide support for both primary and secondary decision making and help ameliorate human cognitive limitations.
65 citations
TL;DR: A conceptual system architecture based on the state-space approach to problem solving is presented, which will enable decision makers to incorporate both prescriptive and descriptive strategies in the course of computer-aided multiple alternative/attribute problem resolution.
Abstract: This paper addresses two issues critical to the success of decision support systems in multiattribute/multicriteria decision-making contexts. A relationship is established between normative (prescriptive) work in the area of multicriteria decision making and behavioral (descriptive) decision research involving choice strategies. A conceptual system architecture based on the state-space approach to problem solving is presented. This architecture will enable decision makers to incorporate both prescriptive and descriptive strategies in the course of computer-aided multiple alternative/attribute problem resolution.
Dissertation•
01 May 1986
TL;DR: A framework for developing a Communications component for the GDSS is presented, which supports conceptualization of a communication system as being composed of four main modules: the Group Norm Monitor, the GroupNorm Filter, the Invocation Mechanism, and the individual decision support system (idss)-to-gdss Document Formatter.
Abstract: :Despite the increasing interest in developing group decision support systems (gdss), it remains unclear how communications between participants of a group problem solving process can be designed, implemented, and utilized in a computer-based distributed GDSS. This paper presents a framework for developing a Communications component for the GDSS. It supports conceptualization of a communication system as being composed of four main modules: the Group Norm Monitor, the Group Norm Filter, the Invocation Mechanism, and the individual decision support system (idss)-to-gdss Document Formatter. In reference to the International Standard Organization (ISo) Open System Architecture, the three first modules are integrated in the Application layer, and the last module in the Presentation layer.
01 Jun 1986
TL;DR: The purpose of this chapter is to point out potential issues, problems, and directions of approach in the study of human information processing, in particular, those based upon parallel activation structures which operate by a form of generalized pattern matching.
Abstract: In this chapter I combine several different paths of thought. First, I briefly review developments in the study of human information processing, in particular, those based upon parallel activation structures which operate by a form of generalized pattern matching. Second, I review some issues of human error and demonstrate that the problems are not so much in the making of the error as in the difficulty of discovering the errors, once made. Finally, I conclude with an analysis of the implications for Intelligent Decision Support Systems. The purpose of this chapter is to point out potential issues, problems, and directions of approach.
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, a pivotally mounted spring biased lens cap is used for the lens of an optical instrument such as a camera, which is operable from outside of the hood.
Abstract: A hood for the lens of optical instruments such as cameras with a pivotally mounted spring biased lens cap mounted therein and operable from outside of the hood.
TL;DR: In this paper, a framework for studying behavioral decision making in cross-cultural contexts is described, based upon a combined eticemic methodology and circumvents scaling problems that have plagued past applications of decision theory in different cultures.
Abstract: A framework for studying behavioral decision making in cross-cultural contexts is described. The approach is based upon a combined etic-emic methodology and circumvents scaling problems that have plagued past applications of decision theory in different cultures. The approach was applied empirically to career decisions of college students in the United States and Hong Kong. Overall, the data were supportive of the framework.
TL;DR: Results of a laboratory study investigating the usefulness of dss features for marketing problem solving suggest that model building and decision training be included when introducing a dss.
Abstract: :Decision support systems (dss) are becoming popular computer information system tools to assist in resolving strategic business problems This paper reports the results of a laboratory study investigating the usefulness of dss features for marketing problem solving Marketers perceived dss model interrogation features as most useful during decision making Simulation capabilities and features enabling probabilistic specification of problem variables were considered least useful Study results suggest that model building and decision training be included when introducing a dss
TL;DR: A modified policy dialogue' model of decision analysis is presented which integrates decision analysis with decision aids and decision support technology.
Abstract: The paper argues that, until very recently, decision analysts have devoted relatively little attention to the processes of problem formulation and subjective judgement in handling ill-structured strategic decision problems. Therefore, following a brief review of existing varieties of decision analysis, a modified policy dialogue' model of decision analysis is presented which integrates decision analysis with decision aids and decision support technology. This model is developed using as an illustration strategic problems drawn from the insurance industry. The paper concludes with some suggestions for the successful application and implementation of decision analysis.
TL;DR: This paper addresses the question of how Decision Support Systems (dss) should be designed to stimulate learning and creativity by assuming the designer's responsibility of providing strategies that facilitate learning and creative thinking.
Abstract: :This paper addresses the question of how Decision Support Systems (dss) should be designed to stimulate learning and creativity. Research has shown that increasing one’s use of learning and problem-solving strategies can significantly improve performance. Based on this perspective, the dss designer’s responsibility becomes one of providing strategies that facilitate learning and creative thinking.
Journal Article•
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: When you read more every page of this decision support and expert systems, what you will obtain is something great.
Abstract: Read more and get great! That's what the book enPDFd decision support and expert systems will give for every reader to read this book. This is an on-line book provided in this website. Even this book becomes a choice of someone to read, many in the world also loves it so much. As what we talk, when you read more every page of this decision support and expert systems, what you will obtain is something great.
01 Apr 1986
TL;DR: Although it captured much less attention, a small group of less specialized, more widely applicable programs was being developed in the decision science area, designed to attack the multi-attribute optimization problem, i.e., one which has multiple decision criteria.
Abstract: The explosive popularity and accessibility of microcomputers have led to a plethora of decision-aiding software. The majority of such software involve translating traditional management science and operations research techniques into user-friendly microcomputer programs. Several reviews and evaluations of this growing body of software have appeared (see, for example, Sharda, 1984; Harrison, 1984). Although it captured much less attention, a small group of less specialized, more widely applicable programs was being developed in the decision science area. These programs were designed to attack the multi-attribute optimization problem, i.e., one which has multiple decision criteria. While traditional management science techniques emphasized highly complex, rigorous mathematical approaches such as linear programming and its derivatives (goal programming, compromise programming, and simplex methods) the move to personal computers necessitated methods less demanding upon users. The software attempted to turn various approaches to Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) into easy-to-use, computer-based methods designed to choose the option(s) for maximizing benefits minus costs (Zeleny, 1982). These methods process a set of (a) goals to be accomplished, (b) alternatives for achieving those goals, and (c) the relationships between the goals and alternatives. While much of this material has been business-oriented, it is equally applicable to legal, personal, or public policy problems. The limited number of reviews of this type of software that has appeared has tended to consist of
01 Aug 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, data from a large U.S. manufacturing organization was collected from both subordinate and superior points of view, and LMX and Decision Influence were measured from both superior and subordinate points of views.
Abstract: Data were collected from a large U.S. manufacturing organization, and LMX and Decision Influence were measured from both subordinate and superior points of view. Results indicate that important ant...
01 Jun 1986
TL;DR: The main reason why humans are involved in controlling and supervising process environments of all kinds is the fact that humans are and have to be ultimately responsible for decision making in critical situations.
Abstract: The main reason why humans are involved in controlling and supervising process environments of all kinds is the fact that humans are and have to be ultimately responsible for decision making in critical situations. This has to be considered in the design of technological systems and of their organizational environment. The pure automation approach fails, at least in complex systems, because the interface to the human can only inappropriately be added afterwards. The allocations of tasks and responsibilities between different technological, human, and organizational system components strongly influences the behaviour of the overall system under normal and emergency situations. This is particularly important with respect to the decision making capabilities when time pressure, uncertainties or risk have to be mastered.
01 Dec 1986
TL;DR: A new approach based on information theory is described to solve the conflicting information problem in advanced decision support systems for a variety of situation assessment tasks.
Abstract: The integration of information from multiple sources is a topic of increasing importance to the design of advanced decision support systems for a variety of situation assessment tasks. The integration of information is especially difficult when the multiple sources provide conflicting information. In general, approaches to this problem have used either probability-based techniques or techniques based on one of the newer theories of uncertainty. This paper surveys these current approaches to the conflicting information problem and then describes a new approach based on information theory.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe an evaluation undertaken on contract for the New Zealand State Services Commission of a major project (the Administrative Decision-Making Skills Project) designed to produce a model of...
Abstract: We describe an evaluation undertaken on contract for the New Zealand State Services Commission of a major project (the Administrative Decision-Making Skills Project) designed to produce a model of ...
01 Aug 1986-International Journal of Human-computer Studies \/ International Journal of Man-machine Studies
TL;DR: The nature of decision-making for senior managers and the highly political and turbulent environment in which they work is emphasized, and the implications this has for designing a system which can compete for the attention of a busy manager.
Abstract: This paper discusses issues involved in designing a computer-based decision support system for senior decision makers in business organizations. It is based on the authors' experiences of developing and using such a system over several years in a number of large U.K. companies. The paper focusses upon the nature of decision-making for senior managers and emphasizes the highly political and turbulent environment in which they work, and the implications this has for designing a system which can compete for the attention of a busy manager. Rather than describe “another system” we are anxious to discuss the problems involved in creating decision support systems that will be practical, and assist with decisions that “really matter”.