Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 2004"

Impact of isolation method on the antioxidant activity of rapeseed meal phenolics.

Abstract: Rapeseed meal is the byproduct of the rapeseed deoiling process. Among oilseed plants, rapeseed contains the greatest amount of phenolic compounds. In this study, the rapeseed phenolics were isolated with aqueous methanol, aqueous ethanol, hot water, and enzymatically with ferulic acid esterase. These isolates were tested for radical scavenging and for liposome and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) model systems. The radical scavenging activities of all isolates were >60% at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL. In the liposome model system the formation of hexanal was inhibited by all rapeseed meal isolates by >90% and the formation of conjugated diene hydroperoxides by >80% (8.4 μg/mL concentration). All rapeseed meal isolates also inhibited oxidation of LDL particles by >90% inhibition (4.2 μg/mL concentration). Isolation of rapeseed meal phenolics with either water or enzyme is a very suitable method devoid of organic solvents. Thus, rapeseed meal phenolics constitute an interesting source for food and cosmetic a...

Nutritional assessment of Australian canola meals. I. Evaluation of canola oil extraction method and meal processing conditions on the digestible value of canola meals fed to the red seabream (Pagrus auratus, Paulin)

Abstract: This study assessed the nutrient and energy digestibility of a variety of canola protein products that were produced by processing canola meal under different conditions, using the red seabream, Pagrus auratus. The test canola protein products included solvent-extracted canola meal, expeller-extracted canola meal alone or subjected to one of two different heat treatments (120 or 150°C for 30 min), and expeller meal further processed to produce a canola protein concentrate (CPC). Solvent-extracted soybean meal was also included in the study as a reference ingredient. Daily feed intake and blood thyroid hormone levels over the experimental period were also examined. The total digestible protein content of the expeller- and solvent-extracted canola meals was 356 and 358 g per kg dry matter (g kg DM−1) respectively. The total digestible energy content of the expeller- and solvent-extracted canola meals was 14.23 and 8.60 MJ kg−1 respectively. The organic matter digestibilities of the solvent-extracted canola meal were poorer than noted for the expeller- and solvent-extracted soybean meal. Notably, the two sources of canola meals used in this study (solvent and expeller meals) did not cause problems with declining feed intakes or changes to blood levels of thyroid hormones when included in the diets of the fish at a 30% level, and the diets were fed over a 3-week period. The preparation of a CPC resulted in gains in total digestible energy, but a reduction in the amount of total digestible protein, relative to the expeller canola meal from which it was produced. However, the protein concentrating process marginally reduced the relative digestible value of the protein content. Heating expeller meal at 120 or 150°C for 30 min resulted in progressive reductions of all nutrient and energy digestibilities.

Effects of fish oil type, lipid antioxidants and presence of rapeseed oil on oxidative flavour stability of fish oil enriched milk

Abstract: As a part of our ongoing experiments on optimization of the oxidative stability of fish oils in genuine food systems, this study investigated the oxidative deterioration of fish oil enriched milk emulsions during cold storage. The experimental data showed that addition of rapeseed oil to fish oil (1:1) prior to emulsification into milk significantly protected the emulsions against oxidative deterioration. Addition of propyl gallate and a citric acid ester to the fish oil prior to emulsification also protected the fish oil enriched milk during storage. Emulsions containing a rapeseed:fish oil mixture were oxidatively stable during 11 d at 2 °C. Thus, no additional inhibitory effect of the added antioxidants was observed. The peroxide value and concentrations of five selected volatiles derived from n-3 PUFA degradation in rapeseed:fish oil mixture emulsions were not significantly different from the corresponding levels in neither the emulsion containing only rapeseed oil nor the milk. It is proposed that the tocopherols in rapeseed oil may be the protective factor. Three-way chemometric exploratory data analysis was implemented in form of a parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The PARAFAC model provided an overview of the obtained data with significantly enhanced interpretability, and revealed information about groupings and correlations in our data.

Nutritional assessment of Australian canola meals. II. Evaluation of the influence of the canola oil extraction method on the protein value of canola meals fed to the red seabream (Pagrus auratus, Paulin)

Abstract: This study examined the biological value of expeller- and solvent-extracted canola meals when included in the diets of juvenile red seabream. Notably, the test and reference diets in this study were prepared to be protein (300 g kg−1 DM) and energy (16.5 MJ kg−1 DM) limiting. Test diets were prepared, in which canola meal provided either 20%, 40% or 60% of the total dietary digestible protein. To minimize the influence of compensatory feed intake, all diets were pair-fed to the fish on restricted basis. Positive and negative controls were also included as treatments in the study to demonstrate that the diets were protein limiting and also to demonstrate the relative value of the highest inclusion levels of each test ingredient. The canola meals, either expeller- or solvent-extracted, were found to be nutritionally useful in diets for red seabream. Both ingredients were of similar value to that of the soybean meal when included on an equivalent digestible protein basis. No significant differences in weight gain, survival, FCR, N retention, energy retention or the apparent biological value of the N content were observed among any of the groups receiving the test or reference diets. A few significant differences were observed among some of the test and reference diets with regard to the apparent biological value of their energy content, although no consistent pattern was evident. The positive control treatment supported significantly superior growth and food utilization by the fish relative to all other treatments. The negative control treatment resulted in significantly poorer growth and food utilization by the fish relative to all other treatments. On a relative basis, there were no declines in fish performance between the highest inclusion levels of the expeller- and solvent-extracted canola meals or the soybean meal. Hence, the fish in this study obtained equivalent nutritional value from these ingredients, on a digestible basis, to that of the fishmeal in the reference diet.

Altering fatty acid composition in oil seed crops.

Abstract: World consumption of vegetable oils increased steadily in the last decade, from 62.6 million metric tons (MMT) in 1993 to 87.8 MMT in 2000 (Goblitz, 2002). This demand has been primarily due to increased use of edible oils in food preparation. Yet, vegetable oils are being used in many industrial products including fuels. Part of this has resulted from alteration of the fatty acid composition of vegetables oils making them more versatile in their uses. The four major oilseed crops are soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), rapeseed (Brassica), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The seed oil of these has been genetically altered through standard plant breeding methodology and molecular genetic engineering. The following is a review of recent developments in the genetic manipulation of these crop plants to change seed oil quality.

Expression of a bacterial asparagine synthetase gene in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and its effect on traits related to nitrogen efficiency

Abstract: The investigation and improvement of nitrogen efficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) are important issues in rapeseed breeding. The objective of this study was to modify ammonium assimilation in transgenic rapeseed plants through the expression of the Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase (AsnA, E.C. 6.3.1.1) gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, and to study its influence on amino acid composition in leaves and on seed traits related to nitrogen efficiency. In regenerated transgenic plants, the 37kDa AsnA protein was detected by Western blot analysis, but was lacking in untransformed control plants of cv. Drakkar. In the transformants, in vitro asparagine synthetase activities ranged from 105 to 185 nmol asparagine mg -1 protein h -1 , whereas, in untransformed control plants, only negligible asparagine synthetase activities of up to 5 nmol asparagine mg -1 protein h -1 were found. Despite these significant activities, no changes in the amino acid composition in the leaves or in the phloem of transgenic plants were detectable. In a pot experiment, two transgenic lines expressing the prokaryotic asparagine synthetase clearly performed inferiorly to control plants at limiting nitrogen (N) fertilizer supply. Although the seed N content was increased, the seed yield and the seed N yield were reduced, which was interpreted as an increased nitrate assimilation leading, at limiting N supply, to a reduced seed yield and seed N yield. At high N fertilizer supply, the differences were less pronounced for one transgenic line, whereas the other showed a higher seed N yield and an improved nitrogen harvest index. The results show that the expression of the E. coil asnA gene in oilseed rape could be of advantage at high N supply, but not at limiting N fertilizer supply.

Agrobacterium -Mediated Transformation of Canola

Abstract: Canola (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop, ranking third only to soybean and palm oil in global production. It is a member of the family Brassicacea (syn. Cruciferae). It is a winter or spring crop and is amenable to growth in cooler climates. Once considered a specialty crop for Canada, it is now a global crop. Many other countries including the USA, Australia and those in Europe also grow canola. However, Canada and the United States account for most of the canola crop. It is grown mostly in Western Canada and North Central United States. In the year 2002, in Canada alone, 9.6 million acres of canola was grown (1) and in the USA, 1.5 million acres was devoted to canola cultivation (2). The term ‘canola’ was adopted by Canada apparently as an acronym of the Canadian Oilseed Association in 1979. Although canola has been commonly also known as rapeseed or oilseed rape, in the strict sense canola oil is defined as an oil that must contain less than 2% erucic acid, and the solid component of the seed must contain less than 30 μM of any one or a mixture of 3-butenyl glucosinolate, 4-pentenyl glucosinolate, 2-hydroxy-3 butenyl glucosinolate, and 2-hydroxy-4-pentenyl glucosinolate per gram of air-dry, oil-free solid.

Relative stability of transgene DNA fragments from GM rapeseed in mixed ruminal cultures.

Abstract: The use of transgenic crops as feeds for ruminant animals has prompted study of the possible uptake of transgene fragments by ruminal micro-organisms and/or intestinal absorption of fragments surviving passage through the rumen. The persistence in buffered ruminal contents of seven different recombinant DNA fragments from GM rapeseed expressing the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) transgene was tracked using PCR. Parental and transgenic (i.e. glyphosphate-tolerant; Roundup Ready®, Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO, USA) rapeseed were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h as whole seeds, cracked seeds, rapeseed meal, and as pelleted, barley-based diets containing 65 g rapeseed meal/kg. The seven transgene fragments ranged from 179 to 527 bp and spanned the entire 1363 bp EPSPS transgene. A 180 bp ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit fragment and a 466 bp 16S rDNA fragment were used as controls for endogenous rapeseed DNA and bacterial DNA respectively. The limit of detection of the PCR assay, established using negative controls spiked with known quantities of DNA, was 12·5 pg. Production of gas and NH3 was monitored throughout the incubation and confirmed active in vitro fermentation. Bacterial DNA was detected in all sample types at all time points. Persistence patterns of endogenous (Rubisco) and recombinant (EPSPS) rapeseed DNA were inversely related to substrate digestibility (amplifiable for 48, 8 and 4 h in whole or cracked seeds, meal and diets respectively), but did not differ between parental and GM rapeseed, nor among fragments. Detection of fragments was representative of persistence of the whole transgene. No EPSPS fragments were amplifiable in microbial DNA, suggesting that transformation had not occurred during the 48 h incubation. Uptake of transgenic DNA fragments by ruminal bacteria is probably precluded or time-limited by rapid degradation of plant DNA upon plant cell lysis.

Effects of various oils on survival of Myzus persicae Sulzer and its transmission of cucumber mosaic virus on pepper

Abstract: SummaryMineral oils are widely used to control non-persistently transmitted viruses by aphid vectors, but mineral oils cause a number of problems including significant phytotoxicity. This study comprises three series of assays to compare a mineral oil, a fish oil and four vegetable oils for: a) insecticidal effects on the aphid Myzus persicae; b) inoculation of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) by M. persicae to oil-sprayed pepper plants; and c) acquisition of CMV by M. persicae from oil-sprayed pepper plants. The vegetable oils tested were raw and refined rapeseed oil, and raw and refined soya oil. The oil showing the strongest insecticidal activity was raw soya oil (about 50% mortality at 72 h). Refined soya oil, both rapeseed oils and fish oil also showed appreciable insecticidal activity (30–40% mortality at 72 h). The oils most effectively suppressing inoculation were the mineral oil and the refined rapeseed oil, both of which suppressed inoculation entirely. All the oils except the raw soya oil and raw ra...

Rapeseed and soybean products as protein sources for growing turkeys of different ages

Abstract: 1. Apparent ileal and total tract protein digestibilities of rapeseed meal and cake and soybean meal and cake were assayed in growing turkeys at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age. 2. In addition, the effect of killing technique on apparent ileal protein digestibility values obtained by a slaughter method and effect of rapeseed feeding on size of specific organs were studied. 3. Protein digestibility coefficients of rapeseed products were mostly 0·10 to 0·15 units lower than those of soybean products. Ileal digestibility of protein increased slightly or remained unchanged from 4 to 8 weeks and decreased thereafter. No effect of feed processing method (meal vs cake) on ileal digestibility was observed. 4. Killing the birds by carbon dioxide inhalation and bleeding led to slightly lower ileal digestibility values than mechanical stunning and neck dislocation. 5. Total tract digestibility of protein decreased from 4 to 8 weeks of age for soybean meal and rapeseed meal but increased for soybean cake and rapeseed cake. ...

Using the GENESYS model quantifying the effect of cropping systems on gene escape from GM rape varieties to evaluate and design cropping systems

Abstract: Gene flow in rapeseed is a process taking place both in space and over the years and cannot be studied exclusively by field trials. Consequently, the GENESYS model was developed to quantify the effects of cropping systems on transgene escape from rapeseed crops to rapeseed volunteers in neighbour plots and in the subsequent crops. In the present work, this model was used to evaluate the risk of rape harvest contamination by extraneous genes in various farming systems in case of co-existing GM, conventional and organic crops. When 50 % of the rape varieties in the region were transgenic, the rate of GM seeds in non-GM crop harvests on farms with large fields was lower than the 0.9 % purity threshold proposed by the EC for rape crop production (food and feed) harvests, but on farms with smaller fields, the threshold was exceeded. Harvest impurity increased in organic farms, mainly because of their small field size. The model was then used to evaluate the consequences of changes in farming practices and to identify those changes reducing harvest contamination. The effects of these changes depended on the field pattern and farming system. The most efficient practices in limiting harvest impurity comprised improved set-aside management by sowing a cover crop in spring on all set-aside fields in the region, permanently banning rape crops and set-aside around seed production fields and (for non-GM farmers) clustering farm fields to reduce gene inflow from neighbour fields.

Comparison of Nitrogen mineralization from 15N-labeled organic amendments under flooded and upland conditions

Abstract: Knowledge of N availability from organic amendments is a key to improve N use efficiency and reduce environmental pressure from agriculture. Nitrogen mineralization from 15N-labeled cattle dung compost and rapeseed cake was investigated under flooded and upland (60% of water holding capacity) conditions in an incubation experiment for 63 d at 25 °C. The relative abundance of N in the cattle dung compost by the simple step-wise acid hydrolysis method was in the following order: labile N (37% of total N, refluxing with 1 M HCl for 3 h, H1-N) > non-hydrolyzable N (32%) > recalcitrant N (18%, 3 M HCl for 3 h, H2-N). There was no significant difference in the 15N abundance between total N and N in each fraction of the cattle dung compost. For the rapeseed cake, the H1-N accounted for 81% of total N and the 15N abundance of total N and H1-N was higher than the 15N abundance of H2-N and non-hydrolyzable N. In the cattle dung treatment, inorganic 15N was the highest at 21 d of incubation and then decreased thereafter under flooded conditions, whereas it remained constant from 21 to 63 d under upland conditions. In the rapeseed cake treatment, inorganic 15N was the highest at 42 d under flooded conditions and inorganic 15N increased until 42 d and remained stable thereafter under upland conditions. The N mineralization rate from the cattle dung compost was slow both under flooded and upland conditions. More than half of N in the rapeseed cake was mineralized during the incubation period both under flooded and upland conditions. There was no significant difference in 15N recovery in the soil between flooded and upland conditions at 63 d in the cattle dung treatment, while the 15N recovery in the soil at 63 d was higher under upland than under flooded conditions in the rapeseed cake treatment. Although N mineralization from the rapeseed cake was greater under flooded conditions than upland conditions, there was no significant difference in N mineralization from the cattle dung compost between both conditions. Therefore, N mineralization from organic amendments is not always more rapid under flooded than upland conditions depending on the amendment type.

Organic dairy production based on rapeseed, rapeseed cake or cereals as supplement to silage ad libitum

Abstract: This experiment presents the effect of 100% organic feed rations grown at an equal area per cow on milk production performance and metabolic responses. A total of 174 Danish Holstein cows were included in two experiments on two commercial organic dairy farms during the winter 2000/2001. Three types of supplementary feed were examined: 5 kg cereals, 3 kg rapeseed/cereal pellet or 1 kg rapeseed cake fed with a mixture of clover grass silage, whole crop silage and grass pellets ad libitum. The supplement of rapeseed/cereal pellet compared with cereals tended to decrease both milk fat and protein content, whereas fat and protein yield were unaffected. Milk yield was increased by supplement of rapeseed/cereal pellet compared with cereals in experiment 1, but unaffected in experiment 2. Consequently, energy corrected milk yield tended to be increased in experiment 1 but decreased in experiment 2. The supplement of rapeseed cake compared with cereals changed neither milk composition nor yield. The risk of subcli...

Studies on quality of oilseed rape products and its improvement strategy in China

Abstract: Comparison of quality and safety of oilseeds rape products between China and abroad was carried out from 1999 to 2002. Strategies for improving rapeseed products quality were suggested.

Quality of genetically modified (GM) and conventional varieties of canola (spring oilseed rape) grown in western Canada, 1996-2001

Abstract: The success of GM herbicide tolerant canola is demonstrated by its acceptance by the farm community in Canada. There have been continuing comments, however, including some from major customers, suggesting that GM canola has lower quality than conventional canola. Data drawn from both the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Co-operative Test data from 1998–2001 and from the Canadian Grain Commission's harvest surveys of canola from 1996–2001 were used to compare the quality of GM and conventional canola registered and grown. Weed seed contamination of harvest survey samples decreased significantly as the herbicide tolerant lines increased in production. While variety registration data suggested GM and conventional lines had no differences in oil content, data from harvest surveys suggested that GM lines tended to have slightly higher oil contents. Protein and oil contents remain inversely related with no differences in the inverse relationship due to GM. While registration requires that all lines have less than 12 micromoles per gram of glucosinolates, data from harvest surveys show GM lines to have significantly less glucosinolates than conventional lines, possibly due to decreased contamination with cruciferous weeds. A comparison of glucosinolate contents between non-GM herbicide tolerant canola and conventional non-herbicide tolerant canola showed similar differences. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll content, erucic acid levels or saturated fatty acids but harvest survey data showed GM lines were slightly more unsaturated than conventional lines. It would seem safe to conclude that differences in quality between GM and conventional canola are due to the functioning of the GM trait – herbicide tolerance – that allows the GM canola to perform to its potential in the field.

Physio-morphological analysis of rapeseed-mustardcultivars

Abstract: Seven cultivars of rapeseed-mustard, viz. IGC-01 and Pusa Gaurav of Brassica carinata, Jagannath, Kranti, Rohini and TERI (0E) M21-Swarna of Brassica juncea and Hyola PAC-401 of Brassica napus, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design field experiment. Shoot length per plant, leaf number per plant, leaf area index, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant and net assimilation rate were studied at 45 and 60 days after sowing to assess their growth performance. Carbonic anhydrase activity, nitrate reductase activity and leaf NPK content were estimated at above stages. At maturity, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil percentage and oil yield as well as fatty acid composition of oil were estimated. The data revealed the overall superiority of Hyola PAC-401, which produced highest yield of seed and oil. It was followed by TERI (0E) M21-Swarna, which showed parity with Rohini. In comparison, Kranti performed poorly. It was also confirmed that the oil of Hyola PAC-401 and TERI (OE) M21-Swarna, was almost free from erucic acid and could, be preferred for human consumption.

Genetic Engineering of Lipid Composition

Abstract: The brassicas are one of the most important and widely distributed crop types in the world. They are grown in a wide range of climatic regions from the equator to the tropics. The various different Brassica species and genotypes can be cultivated as vegetable or oilseed crops for human nutrition, as forage crops for domestic animals, and as industrial crops to supply oleochemicals. In terms of both amounts of production and economic value, the oilseed brassicas are the most important of these crop types (Downey and Robbelen 1989). The dominant Brassica oilseed crop species in commercial agriculture are the amphidiploids, B. napus (rapeseed or canola) and B. juncea (Indian mustard) and the diploid B. rapa (turnip or turnip rape). Although different Brassica oilseed species may be preferentially grown in different parts of the world, by far the most important crop for commercial traded oil production is rapeseed. The main centres of rapeseed production are China (11.3 Mt — million tonnes), European Union (8.9 Mt), Canada (5.1 Mt) and India (3.7 Mt).

[Determination of anti-nutrients in genetically modified crops].

Abstract: OBJECTIVE In order to assess the safety of genetically modified crops, the anti-nutrients were determined in these novel crops and compared with their parental lines. METHODS Five kinds of crops (rice, maize, soybean, cottonseed and rapeseed) from domestic and foreign companies were collected and the contents of anti-nutrients for each kind were analyzed. These anti-nutrients include phytate and protease-inhibitors (in rice, maize and soybean), gossypol (in cottonseed), glucosinolates and erucic acids (in rapeseed). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The contents of anti-nutrients in one type of maize, three types of rapeseeds and two types of cottonseeds didn't meet the requirement of "equivalence" in this study, but the finally conclusion should be made after many experimental data in the future.