Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 1997"

Nutrient intakes of individuals from food-insufficient households in the United States.

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Understanding the nutritional consequences of food insufficiency is important for informed policy-making that addresses the problem of domestic hunger. This study estimated the extent to which individuals from food-insufficient households were likely to have low intakes of energy and 14 other nutrients. METHODS: The diets of pre-schoolers, adult women, and the elderly were analyzed with 24-hour recall data from the 1989 through 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association of self-reported household food insufficiency with nutrient intakes below 50% of the recommended daily allowance. RESULTS: For adult women, food insufficiency was significantly associated with low intakes of eight nutrients, including energy, magnesium, and vitamins A, E, C, and B6. Elderly individuals in the food-insufficient group were also more likely to have low intakes of eight nutrients, including protein, calcium, and vitamins A and B6. Household f...

Intake of Nutrients and Food Sources of Nutrients among the Navajo: Findings from the Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey

Abstract: Diet has been implicated in the etiology of chronic diseases in many populations, including the Navajo and other American Indian tribes. This report describes the current nutrient intake of the Navajo and identifies the primary food sources of key nutrients. In the Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey, interviewers obtained single 24-h diet recalls from 946 nonpregnant participants age 12-91 between October 1991 and December 1992. Among various sex and age groups, total fat contributed 33-35% of energy and saturated fat contributed 10-11% of energy in the diets. Median fiber intake was 11-14 g/d. Median intakes of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B-6, folate, calcium and magnesium were below sex- and age-specific recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for men and women of all age groups. Intake of vitamin C was below the RDA for men and women age 20 and older. Median iron intake was below the RDA for women under age 60. Fruits and vegetables were each consumed less than once per day per person, as were dairy products. Fry bread and Navajo tortillas, home-fried potatoes, mutton, bacon and sausage, soft drinks, coffee and tea provided 41% of the energy and 15-46% of the macronutrients consumed. Recommendations to increase the intake of essential micronutrients in the Navajo diet are presented.

Dietary magnesium intake in a French adult population.

Abstract: In the last few generations, in developed countries, the reduction of energy intake and the increase in consumption of foods containing only energy without minerals or vitamins, have contributed to decrease the total mineral and vitamin density per unit of energy in diet, and particularly magnesium density. For these reasons, the usual diets in developed countries may no longer meet the magnesium recommended dietary allowances for numerous people. Unfortunately, little information exists on the dietary magnesium intake of large representative samples of populations, particularly in European countries. Using data issued from the SU. VI. MAX study developed in France since 1994, the present study was carried out to assess dietary magnesium intake of a national sample of adults living in France.

Protein intake, IGF-1 and osteoporosis.

Abstract: Deficiency in nutritional elements could play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporotic fracture in the elderly. Results of several studies indicate that calcium supplementation reduces bone loss and fracture incidence in vitamin D replete elderly subjects [1]. Other investigations have suggested that the level of protein intake could influence either calcium phosphate metabolism, bone mass or the risk of osteoporotic fracture [2]. Apparently contradictory information suggests that either a deficient or an excessive protein supplement could negatively affect the balance of calcium and the arnount of bony tissue contained in the skeleton [2,3]. Several reasons can be evoked with respect to the present uncertainty regarding the effect of protein supplementation on calcium balance and bone mass. The outcomes may differ because the protein supplementation was: (a) prescribed either to wellnourished people or to subjects exhibiting signs of malnutrition; (b) given in various forms: natural food products (i.e. ingested in complex forms), purified extracts or mixtures of amino acids; (c) of either animal (e.g. casein) or vegetable (e.g. soya) origin; (d) evaluated over either the short term or the long term; (e) assessed in the presence or absence of modifications in other nutritional factors such as energy and/or calcium. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein varies from 2.0 g/kg body weight in children to 1.0 g/kg in adolescents, and 0.75 g/kg in adults [4]. Protein intake below the RDA could be particularly detrimental for both the acquisition of bone mass and the conservation of bone integrity with aging. Protein undemutrition during childhood and adolescence results in a reduction of height, weight and overall body protein [5] and, therefore, can be expected to affect peak bone mass. A sufficient protein intake is also mandatory for the maintenance of bone homeostasis during adulthood. In the elderly, malnutrition can be considered as a risk factor for hip fracture because it can accelerate age-

Nutrient intakes by young children in a prospective randomized trial of a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet : The STRIP baby project

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the impact of individualized and repeatedly given dietary counseling on fat intake and nutrient intake of children aged 8 months to 4 years. Design: Prospective randomized clinical trial. Participants: Children (N= 1062) from 1054 families were randomized to an intervention (n=540) or a control (n=522) group when each child participant was 6 months old. Interventions: The children in the intervention group were counseled to reduce their intake of saturated fat and cholesterol but to ensure their adequate energy intake. Dietary issues were discussed with the families of the children in the control group only briefly according to the current practice of well-baby clinics. Main Outcome Measures: Food consumption was evaluated by using 3- and 4-day food records that were kept at 5- to 12-month intervals, and nutrient intakes were analyzed with a Micro Nutrica computer program (Social Insurance Institution, Turku, Finland). Results: The intake of fat (29% of the energy intake) and cholesterol (70 mg) showed no differences between the groups of children at 8 months of age. The fat intake in the children in the intervention group was then continuously 2% of the energy intake below that of the children in the control group ( P P P P Conclusions: The intakes of fat by the children in the intervention and control groups were markedly below values that were recommended for the first 2 years of life. Despite the low intake of fat, the intake of other nutrients fulfilled current recommendations, except for vitamin D and iron. Individualized dietary counseling that led to clear changes in the type of fat intake had a minimal effect on vitamin or mineral intakes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:181-188

Nutrient Intake and Obesity in Children with Autism

Abstract: Many children with autism have idiosyncratic food preferences and eating habits that are difficult to regulate. The nutrient intake of 54 school-age Canadian children with autistic spectrum disorde...

US trends in nutrient intake: the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys.

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study examined US trends in nutrient intake, using almost identical methods and nutrient databases in two time periods. METHODS: An extensive dietary intake questionnaire was included in supplements to the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys. Dietary data from approximately 11,000 persons in each of those years were analyzed. RESULTS: The total and saturated fat intake and the percentage of energy from fat declined among Whites and Hispanics, but only minimal changes were seen in Black Americans. The changes in fat intake were attributable principally to behavioral changes in frequency and type of fat-containing foods consumed rather than to the increased availability of leaner cuts of meat. Dietary cholesterol showed one of the largest declines of the nutrients examined. Less desirable changes were also seen. Cereal fortification played an important role in the observed changes in several micronutrients. CONCLUSIONS: Educational campaigns on dietary fat and cholesterol have b...

Iron intake and iron status among adults in the Netherlands.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To assess the adequacy of iron intake and status, the prevalence of marginal iron status, the physiological and lifestyle factors influencing iron status and the role of dietary factors affecting the bioavailability of iron among Dutch adults. DESIGN Food consumption was measured with 3 d diet records. Iron status and prevalence of iron deficiency and iron accumulation were evaluated using different criteria. Physical, biochemical and lifestyle characteristics were determined and relationships with iron status were evaluated by bi- and multivariate regression analysis. SUBJECTS A sample of 444 adults, aged 20-79 y stratified for sex and 10 y age classes, with an overrepresentation of people with a low habitual intake of vitamin B6. RESULTS Average iron intake was higher than the recommended daily allowance for the Netherlands in all sex-age groups except women aged 20-49, in which group average iron intake was 23% below the recommendation. Early iron deficiency, as reflected in low ferritin levels, was not found among men aged 20-49, but was observed in 5% of women aged 50-79, 11% of men aged 50-79, and 16% of women aged 20-49. Iron deficiency anaemia as reflected in low haemoglobin levels was found in 0-5% of the age-sex groups. Among men and women, 16% and 13% of variance in haemoglobin level, respectively, could be explained by physiological and dietary factors. For ferritin, the proportions were 36% and 34%, respectively. Iron status was correlated negatively with the vegetable fraction of the diet, and positively with factors from the animal fraction (haem iron, animal protein, meat). Further, haemoglobin was positively correlated with body weight among men, and with both age and use of oral contraceptives among women. Both among men and women, blood donorship in the six months prior to the study was negatively associated with serum ferritin levels. CONCLUSIONS Women aged 20-49 are the adult sex-age group with the greatest risk of developing (an early stage of) iron depletion. The most important dietary factors influencing the iron status are the type of iron (haem/non-haem) and factors affecting the bioavailability of iron.

The Use of Dietary Supplements in the Elderly: Current Issues and Recommendations

Abstract: Research on dietary intake in the elderly shows evidence of both adequate and inadequate nutrient consumption from food. More recent studies have documented inadequate mineral intake from food and confirmed the overall decline in nurient intake from food as people age. Food is incontrovertibly the best vehicle for nutrient consumption. However, some authorities have found reason to recommend a daily multivitamin-mineral for the elderly as a reasonable way to assure adequate micronutrient intake. There appears to be no reason to recommend complete liquid supplements or modular macronutrient supplements to the active free-living elderly population. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97(suppl 2):S181–S183.

Nutritional support and growth in thalassaemia major.

Abstract: Twelve thalassaemic children under 3 years of age received intensive nutritional support for one month and were discharged on a prescribed diet of locally available foods. Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis and dietary intake were longitudinally assessed. Mean energy intake was 20% greater than the recommended daily allowance during nutritional supplementation as compared with below the recommended daily allowance before and after the period of nutritional support. Weight, but not height, significantly increased during the support period and was due to increases in both fat free mass and fat mass. Body weight, fat free mass and fat mass declined in line with the reduced intake upon return home; however, height velocity accelerated and exceeded normal through the fourth month before resuming a below normal rate. It can be concluded that (1) nutritional stunting as the result of reduced nutrient intake is an important cause of growth failure in young children with thalassaemia and is responsive to nutritional support, (2) the deficit in height velocity was due to retarded truncal height growth, and (3) the bioelectrical impedance analysis method is suitable for body composition analysis of thalassaemic children.

Fat gram target to achieve high energy intake in cystic fibrosis.

Abstract: Objective: Higher fat and energy intakes confer a survival advantage in cystic fibrosis (CF). There is a need to develop effective nutrition programmes that ensure optimal energy intake in CF. Methodology: A cross-sectional measurement of clinical characteristics and energy and fat intakes in patients attending the CF outpatients clinic of the John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle was undertaken. Twenty-nine subjects, mean age 12 years (range 4.3–20.2), completed weighed food records to determine the contribution of fat to the percentage of the recommended energy intake obtained and to document use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Results: Diets with a high percentage of energy derived from fat did not guarantee that individuals with CF met their energy requirements. Subjects with total fat intakes of 100 g per day or greater, however, achieved in excess of 110% recommended daily intake (RDI) for energy. Up to 47% of subjects consumed more pancreatic enzyme replacement capsules than shown to give maximum effectiveness. Conclusion: Setting a 100 g daily fat target is a realistic way of ensuring high energy intakes in CF. Fat ready reckoners would identify the fat content of food and prescribe specific numbers of pancreatic enzyme replacement capsules to be consumed with each meal or food item.

Derivation of daily values used for nutrition labeling

Abstract: Daily Values (DVs) are the daily dietary intake standards used for nutrition labeling. Information on the derivation of DVs is important for dietetics professionals and nutrition educators who use DVs to educate and instruct patients and students about diet planning and evaluation and about adherence to modified diets. The first daily intake standards for nutrition labeling were established in 1973 and were referred to as the US Recommended Daily Allowances (US RDAs). They were based on the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) developed by the National Academy of Sciences. These intake standards were mandatory for 8 and optional for 12 food components on nutrition labels. Regulations revising the daily intake standards for nutrition labeling were published in 1993. The new standards included Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) for 19 food components and Daily Reference Values (DRVs) for 8 food components. The RDIs were based on the 1973 US RDAs, and the DRVs were based on consensus recommendations. On the nutrition label, the RDIs and DRVs are referred to as DVs. Percent DVs are mandatory on nutrition labels for 10 food components and optional for 16 food components. In 1995, DVs were established by regulation for 6 additional food components; these DVs are optional for nutrition labels. The DVs established in 1995 were based on information from the 1980 and 1989 revisions of the RDAs and Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes. Currently, percent DVs are mandatory on nutrition labels for 10 food components and optional for 22. Optional percent DVs become mandatory if claims are made about the food components or if the food components are added to the food through fortification or as food additives. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:1407-1412.

The determinants of demand for micronutrients

Abstract: Micronutrient deficiencies are particularly severe in Bangladesh. Understanding howhousehold income, food prices, parental education and nutritional knowledge, and culturally-based customs and food preferences interact to determine food consumption patterns (particularly for nonstaple foods), and so micronutrient intake, can provide crucial information for designing policies and intervention programs to improve human nutrition. Within the typical dietary patterns of the Bangladeshi survey population, the key food group with respect to micronutrient consumption is vegetables, providing nearly 95 percent of vitamin A intake, 75 percent of vitamin C intake, and 25 percent of iron intake. Vegetables are the least expensive sources of all of these nutrients. Vegetables are sufficiently inexpensive sources of vitamin A and vitamin C that they could provide the RDA within normal dietary patterns and the budgets of low-income groups. There is no corresponding inexpensive source of iron. Programs to educate consumers about the importance of meeting recommended daily allowances of vitamin A and vitamin C and about commonly eaten sources of these nutrients has the potential for improving intake. Because a high proportion of vitamin A and vitamin C intake apparently comes from own-production, extension programs to promote growing specific vitamin A and vitamin C rich foods not only would provide households with a ready supply of these nutrients, but increased production could bring the local price down.

Impact of macronutrient-substituted foods on food choice and dietary intake.

Abstract: Public concern with body weight control and other perceived health implications of high fat and sugar consumption have prompted massive industrial efforts toward the development and marketing of novel formulations of traditional foods, nutritionally modified by the replacement or removal of macronutrients, primarily fats and sugars. Scientific evaluations of the potential influences of fat or sugar replacement on energy intake or weight control have been largely derived from animal research and from numerous laboratory-based human feeding studies that have focused on appetite and eating behavior under controlled and generally short-term conditions. This latter body of work is reviewed elsewhere in this volume and in other sources.'\" Although laboratory-based studies have provided a wealth of information relating to the psychobiological determinants and correlates of hunger, satiety, and regulation of energy balance, it is not clear how closely the results of such experiments relate to \"real-life*' consumer behaviors. Indeed, there are many reasons why the results of these types of experiments should not be used as the principal basis for predicting actual dietary implications of macronutrient-substituted food product use by consumers in natural situation^.^ In most of th is work, studies have been conducted (or at least meals consumed) in a controlled research setting, a restricted range of foods has been provided free of cost by investigators, and subjects have not had access to normal packaging or nutrition information. Appropriate consumer research requires more realistic food acquisition and eating environments and allows for broader external influences on food choice, including cognitive behavioral responses. This review will focus on the potential implications for food choice and dietary intake of purchase and consumption of macronutrient-substituted foods by normal consumers in the domestic environment, primarily relying on data from population-based studies and prospective trials. A broad range of existing and proposed intense sweeteners, bulk replacers, and ingredients and technologies for fat reduction are discussed at length in the food technology literature and other sources.6 Fat and sugar replacement will be considered here as generic categories, although acknowledging that the use, acceptance, or dietary

Nutrition Status Of Children (1-6 Years) In Slums Of Ghaziabad City

Abstract: Research question : What are the nutritional problems of pre- school children in slums? Objectives: (i) To assess the nutritional status of the children . (ii) To find out the nutritional deficiency disorders in them (iii) To study their dietary intake. Study design: Cross- sectional. Setting : Slums of Ghaziabad city. Participants :771 children (1-6 years). Study Variables : Age, sex, caste, ICDS beneficiary status, weight, nutritional deficiency disorders, dietary intake and supplementary nutrition. Statistical analysis : Simple proportions and Chi- square test. Results : A majority (58.2 %) of children were having under nutrition of varying grades irrespective of their sex and caste but influenced by their age and ICDS beneficiary status. Anaemia, xerophthalmia and goitre were present in 14.7%, 1.6% and 0.6 % children respectively. Average daily dietary intake of energy & nutrients were lower than the recommended daily allowances (RDA). Conclusion: Regular nutritional supplementation along with adequate nutrition education would reduce the nutritional deficiency disorders among children.

Food habits and dietary intake of schoolchildren in Estonia

Abstract: The social and economic changes which have taken place in Estonia in the early 1990s may have an impact on the dietary habits and nutrient intake of children. This first report is a comprehensive survey focusing on the diet of pubertal children - the period of most rapid growth after infancy. A school-based cross-sectional dietary study, using food frequency questionnaires and 48-hour recalls, was performed in five Estonian counties. The sample consisted of 562 randomly-selected 12- and 15-year-old rural and urban children, 34 1 of whom answered the 48-hour recall interview. The mean daily energy intake was 10.2-1 1.2 MJ in urban and 8.5-9.2 MJ in rural boys and 7.9-8.6 MJ in urban girls compared with 7.6-8.6 MJ in rural girls. Fat accounted for 36-38%, protein for 12-14% and carbohydrates for 49-52% of the total energy intake. The mean intakes of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids comprised 13- 15%, 11 - 14% and 6- 8% of daily energy intake, respectively. The mean intakes of vitamins C and D and the minerals calcium and zinc were below the current Estonian recommendations for both girls and boys. The mean iron intake of girls was 20% lower than national recommendations. Cereal products were the most important food group, providing the main source of energy, protein, carbohydrates and iron. The requirements for most vitamins and minerals meet the national recommendations, except for iron in girls. Obesity is not a significant problem in these age groups.

Dietary intake among adults with special reference to vitamin B6.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To assess the adequacy of the dietary intake in general, and that of vitamin B6 intake especially. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Dietary intake based on 3 d diet-records was assessed among a random sample of the adult Dutch population (the reference group, n = 300) aged 20-79 y, stratified for age and gender and among a group with a low vitamin B6 intake, selected by means of a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Among the reference group, absolute vitamin B6 intake on average amply met the RDA in all age-gender categories, whereas the adequate level of 20 microg vitamin B6 per gram protein, was on average met by men only. The prevalences of a vitamin B6 intake below the minimum requirement (absolute) of 1 mg/d was 1-11% and below the average minimum requirement of 15 microg/g protein was 5-12% for the various age-sex reference groups. Average intake of folate among women of childbearing age did not meet the recommendation of 400 microg/d for those who want to become pregnant. Average intake of iron and iodine was also below recommended levels among women aged 20-49 y. Both absolute vitamin B6 intake and the vitamin B6/protein ratio calculated with the diet records was lower among the low vitamin B6 groups than among the reference groups, indicating that the preselection of groups with low vitamin B6 intakes on the basis of a food frequency questionnaire was successful. Intake of energy and macro- and micronutrients, as well as a nutrient density of the diet were lower among low vitamin B6 groups than among reference groups. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that a low vitamin B6 intake is the result of both the quantity (energy) and quality (nutrient density) of the food consumed. The effects of this are not restricted to vitamin B6 and therefore, the low vitamin B6 groups have a combination of relatively low intakes.

Social Determinants of Food Intake

Abstract: Interest and study of food patterns of individuals and societies stems from antiquity. Ancient Egyptian scribes documented rations of soldiers and servants; Greek and Roman naturalists and physicians described characteristic foods of ancient Mediterranean societies; ancient Indian and Chinese texts have provided details of everyday and festival foods; and medieval and early modem travel and exploration accounts reported aspects of food production, food storage, cooking, and dietary practice throughout most regions of the world.!-' Systematic investigations of the social determinants of food intake, however, stem from the 20th century. Such studies initially were associated with resupply efforts directed toward war-tom populations after World War 1.' Although basic principles of effective food relief were developed at the end of World War I, there has been an unevenness of subsequent food relief efforts, especially at the conclusion of World War 11, and during subsequent decades. Nutritional and medical problems associated with food relief following widespread social unrest, civil war, and environmentally produced disasters reveal that the principles were not easily learned and applied: The basic principles that determine how and why people accept or reject food were reexamined and published in two important documents produced by the Committee on Food Habits of the National Research Council during World War II.l0*'l In subsequent years the number of nutritional anthropologists and others interested in food patterns and the social determinants of food intake behavior has increased sharply. These professionals have produced a wide range of bibliographie~l~.'~ and manuals.14*15 Contemporary social scientists interested in food and diet have drawn extensively from this rich twentieth century literature, but, collectively, we owe our methods and research paradigms to the numerous pioneers who laid the methodological foundations for our investigations.

Protein Intake, IGF -1 and Osteoporosis Osteoporosis

Abstract: Deficiency in nutritional elements could play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporotic fracture in the elderly. Results of several studies indicate that calcium supplementation reduces bone loss and fracture incidence in vitamin D replete elderly subjects [1]. Other investigations have suggested that the level of protein intake could influence either calcium phosphate metabolism, bone mass or the risk of osteoporotic fracture [2]. Apparently contradictory information suggests that either a deficient or an excessive protein supplement could negatively affect the balance of calcium and the arnount of bony tissue contained in the skeleton [2,3]. Several reasons can be evoked with respect to the present uncertainty regarding the effect of protein supplementation on calcium balance and bone mass. The outcomes may differ because the protein supplementation was: (a) prescribed either to well­ nourished people or to subjects exhibiting signs of malnutrition; (b) given in various forms: natural food products (i.e. ingested in complex forms), purified extracts or mixtures of amino acids; (c) of either animal (e.g. casein) or vegetable (e.g. soya) origin; (d) evaluated over either the short term or the long term; (e) assessed in the presence or absence of modifications in other nutritional factors such as energy and/or calcium. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein varies from 2.0 g/kg body weight in children to 1.0 g/kg in adolescents, and 0.75 g/kg in adults [4]. Protein intake below the RDA could be particularly detrimental for both the acquisition of bone mass and the conservation of bone integrity with aging. Protein undemutrition during childhood and adolescence results in a reduction of height, weight and overall body protein [5] and, therefore, can be expected to affect peak bone mass. A sufficient protein intake is also mandatory for the maintenance of bone homeostasis during adulthood. In the elderly, malnutrition can be considered as a risk factor for hip fracture because it can accelerate age

Daily dietary iron intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

Abstract: Daily dietary iron intake for adults in Belgium has been re-evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, the heating of samples in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value for adults (11.3±4.4 mg/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries, i.e. above the recommended daily allowance of 10 mg/day for adult men, but below the value for adult women, i.e. 15 mg/day.

[Methods of nutrient intake and nutritional status of the elderly in Poland on the basis of the literature from the years 1980-1996].

Abstract: According to papers published in the years 1980-1996 there were many faults in nutritional habits of the elderly in Poland, which can affect nutritional and health status. Low consumption of calcium, vitamins C, A, and B group was identified most often while the intake of fats was too high in comparison to Polish recommended daily intake. Moreover iron and protein intake among women were also too low. The analysis of food products intake indicated that above mentioned inadequacy in nutrient intake was the result of low consumption of milk and milk products, fruits and vegetables containing vitamin C and beta- carotene as well as grain products and potatoes and high consumption of products from the group other fats. The observed differences between intake and nutritional recommendation were confirmed by the indices of nutritional status. BMI indicating overweight or obesity was observed for many subjects under study, more frequently among women than among man. Biochemical analysis showed risk of deficiency of some vitamins.