Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1989"

Environmental significance of the potential for mer(Tn21)-mediated reduction of Hg2+ to Hg0 in natural waters.

Abstract: The role of mer(Tn21) in the adaptation of aquatic microbial communities to Hg2+ was investigated. Elemental mercury was the sole product of Hg2+ volatilization by freshwater and saline water microbial communities. Bacterial activity was responsible for biotransformation because most microeucaryotes did not survive the exposure conditions, and removal of larger microbes (greater than 1 micromole) from adapted communities did not significantly (P greater than 0.01) reduce Hg2+ volatilization rates. DNA sequences homologous to mer(Tn21) were found in 50% of Hg2+-resistant bacterial strains representing two freshwater communities, but in only 12% of strains representing two saline communities (the difference was highly significant; P less than 0.001). Thus, mer(Tn21) played a significant role in Hg2+ resistance among strains isolated from fresh waters, in which microbial activity had a limited role in Hg2+ volatilization. In saline water environments in which microbially mediated volatilization was the major mechanism of Hg2+ loss, other bacterial genes coded for this biotransformation.

Tolerance of chloride and sulphate salinity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Abstract: Chickpea is the most important pulse crop of the arid and semi-arid areas. In India, it is cultivated during winter, depending on soil moisture stored from the preceding summer rain, which is often inadequate to ensure a satisfactory crop.In most such areas, saline ground water is the only source of supplementary irrigation to which chickpea, like other pulses, is highly sensitive (Maas & Hoffman 1977). Field observations indicate (Manchanda et al. 1981) that chickpea is more sensitive to chloridedominated than to sulphate-dominated saline water irrigation. Since most saline ground water and saline soils are dominated by chloride or sulphate salts, this study evaluated the effects of these salts on the yield and mineral composition of chickpea at different electrical conductivities. (ECe).

Controls on the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of the waters of Florida Bay, U.S.A.

Abstract: The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition have been measured of waters in Florida Bay and fluids squeezed from sediments which make up Holocene islands in the bay. Although, these waters ranged in salinity from 27 to 120 g kg−1, most were found to have very similar hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18O = + 2 to + 4‰, δD= + 5 to + 25‰). In order to explain these observations we have applied the Craig-Gordon and Gonflantini evaporation models which account for oxygen and hydrogen isotopic fractionation during the desiccation of saline water bodies. These models provide excellent agreement for the evaporation of water into an environment with a relative humidity of 77%, a temperature of 25°C and atmospheric water vapor possessing δ18O- and δD-values of −11 and −75‰, respectively. The salinity of fluids from one core on Cluett Key (26.9 g kg−1) was well below that of the surrounding bay (> 40 g kg−1 and the water from this locality was depleted in both D and 18O. These δ18O- and δD-values, plotted together with other data from this study, fall on a line possessing a slope of 4.90 ( ± 0.41), similar to what would be expected from the evaporation models. This line intersects the meteoric water line at δ18O and δD-values which are within error, similar to average δ18O- and δD-values measured for rainfall in the Miami area.

Salinity in florida citrus production

Abstract: Potential problems associated with saline irrigation water and soils can be compounded by fertilization and irri gation practices. Methods of application and frequency of both fertilizer and water become of prime importance. Appro priate management decisions must be based on relative con centrations of salts in water, fertilizer solutions and soils. This article summarizes effects of excess salinity in citrus produc tion and points out important considerations when dealing with saline irrigation water. These include: osmotic vs. toxic ion effects, rootstock and scion tolerance to salinity, granular vs. liquid fertilizer, fertilizer sources and formulations and potential problems associated with foliar applied sprays. Citrus trees are more sensitive to salinity than many other crops. Excess salinity in some of Florida's irrigation waters is not new. As early as 1900 (17), damage to citrus trees on Florida's east coast was attributed to the high min eral content of artesian well water. Citrus-growing areas in Florida, however, annually receive adequate amounts of rainfall to leach out accumulated salts if the soil is suffi ciently permeable. Therefore, soil-induced salt damage to trees historically has been a relatively short-term or localized problem usually associated with poor drainage. Recently, widespread interest in salinity has increased along with the rapid adoption of microirrigation systems. These systems allow nutrient salts to be routinely added to the irrigation water (fertigation) and to be applied over a limited ground surface area or even into a nursery con tainer. In such situations, grower concerns about salinity, unlike those about drought, no longer disappear with the onset of rains. The purpose of this article is to summarize some effects of excess salinity on citrus and to offer practi cal suggestions on the management of saline irrigation

Interrelationships among Water Quality, Climate and Diet on Feedlot Performance of Steer Calves

Abstract: Four experiments involving 16 pens of 8 to 10 crossbred steer calves each were conducted at Yuma, Arizona. Initial and final weights were approximately 170 and 275 kg, respectively. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial replicated over 2 yr with main effects for season (summer, winter), diet (H = ground alfalfa hay, H + G = 50% ground alfalfa, 47.5% dry-rolled wheat and 2.5% molasses) and water source (N = normal, S = saline) during two consecutive 56-d periods in each experiment (N-N, N-S, S-N, S-S). Normal water contained approximately 1,300 ppm, and saline water contained approximately 6,000 ppm, total dissolved salts. Steers on the H + G diet gained 32% faster (P less than .01) and consumed 4% less (P less than .01) feed than those on the H diet. Gain and feed intake during winter were greater than during summer (20% and 7%, respectively, P less than .01). Gain and feed intake were reduced approximately 9% (P less than .01) on S water combinations compared with N-N water. Depression in gain and feed intake due to heat stress (summer season) or S water ingestion was greater on the H diet (diet x water source and diet x season interactions, P less than .02). Although season x water source interactions were not significant, saline water ingestion tended to be more detrimental during periods of heat stress (summer). Apparent adaptation to saline water occurred on the H + G diet, but not on the H diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Origin of the Saline Ground Water in Wadi Ar‐Rumah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Among the geologic formations traversed by Wadi Ar-Rumah in north central Saudi Arabia, is the Saq Sandstone, an extensive and vitally important aquifer. However, the aquifer contains highly saline water in the area where Wadi Ar-Rumah intersects the outcrop of the aquifer. The area is agriculturally important, but the saline water has caused, and is likely to continue to cause problems due to its intrusion into other parts of the aquifer as a result of heavy pumping. The geology, hydrogeology, and hydrochemistry of the area were examined in this study. Pertinent field data were used to explain the likely way in which the saline water was formed. At the end of the last pluvial period, the ephemeral runoff in the wadi decreased and a clay layer was deposited on its floor. Ground water was near the surface and its evaporation by capillary draw led to a concentration of solutes. A shallow clay layer prevented wadi flows from flushing out the saline ground water.

Importance of borehole water to doves and sandgrouse in the semi-arid southern Kalahari

Abstract: The use of borehole water of different mineral quality by doves and sandgrouse in the semi-arid southern Kalahari was investigated. All species selected the least saline water available. Their use of the water supplies appeared to be affected by each species' tolerence of heat and different combinations of ambient temperature and rainfall variables. The provision of artificial water supplies has encouraged permanent residence by these otherwise nomadic species.

Changes in leaf water status associated with salinity in mature, field grown Prunus salicina

Abstract: Seasonal and diurnal measurements of leaf water potential (ψ1), relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance (gs) were made in the field on 19-year old Prunus salicina (L.) cv. Santa Rosa, a deciduous fruit tree species, irrigated with 3 different concentrations of saline water over a 3 year period (1985-1987). With the exception of stage III of fruit growth, little or no treatment difference in Φ1, leaf turgor potential (Φp), or RWC was noted during the day. Seasonal averages of morning (0700-0900) and afternoon (1500-1700) Φp did not decline with increasing salinity, indicating long-term osmotic adjustment in this species. Maintenance of leaf water status under saline conditions was in part a consequence of increased stomatal closure, with a subsequent reduction in leaf transpiration rate. However, during stage III of fruit growth, an increase in mean afternoon (1200-1700) stomatal conductance of 26-117%, independent of salinity treatment, was observed in 1985 and again in 1987. Higher conductance values during this period may be associated with rapid fruit expansion and greater assimilate demand. The observed increase in conductance resulted in greater leaf water loss and larger measured differences in midday ψ1 between salinity treatments. This research indicates that for Prunus salicina in the field, salinity stress resulted in leaf water deficits only during the final period of fruit expansion and ripening.

Generalized Results from Crop Yield Model with Saline Waters

Abstract: Crop yields as influenced by water quality and quantity are of immense interest in arid areas throughout the world. In this paper, earlier results are generalized for modeling crop yield under deficit irrigation with saline water. Linear yield response functions were used for both the amount of water utilized and response to salts. Results are presented in a compact table for a wide range of conditions for salinity, water and yield response parameters. Included in the analysis is the effect of variability of available water. Results are similar to those obtained when salinity is not a factor, in that more variability of available water generally leads to lower average yields. This relatively simple approach is believed applicable to many practical scenarios for which a lack of input parameters or need for expediency rules out more comprehensive modeling. Support was, in part, by Western Regional Research Project W-155, Technical Paper 4480, Ariz. Agric. Exp. Stn.

Foliar and yield response of Santa rosa plum to saline water spray

Abstract: Canopies of 22-year-old Santa Rosa plum trees irrigated with mini-sprinklers below the canopy with nonsaline (0.3 dS/m) water were sprayed weekly during one irrigation season with water having six levels of salinity (0.3, 1.1, 2.1, 3.3, 4.5, and 6.8 dS/m) to evaluate the extent of leaf injury, foliar absorption of Cl and Na, and yield response. Recognizable leaf injury was caused by spray water containing 29 mol/m3 of chloride and 15 mol/m3 of sodium. Severe leaf damage occurred when the leaf chloride and sodium concentrations exceeded 300 and 125 mmol/kg (dry weight), respectively. These concentrations were higher than those causing foliar damage on other trees in the same orchard which had been irrigated below the canopy with water having the same salinity as that sprayed on the canopy. No residual foliar injury was observed during the irrigation season following the year when the spray treatments were applied. Fruit yield measured six weeks after treatments were initiated was unaffected. In the following 2 years, yield was reduced by the highest salinity levels, even though the salt spray treatments were not continued and no foliar injury was visible.

Verfahren zum entsalzen von salzhaltigem wasser, insbesondere von grubenwasser

Abstract: The method of desalinating water of the invention consisting in that after chemical and mechanical pretreatment, saline water with a concentration of dissolved ions below 40 g/cu.dm is concentrated in a reverse osmosis installation 5 and then concentrated thermally, whereas saline water in which concentration of dissolved ions exceeds 40 g/cu.dm is concentrated directly thermally, is characterised by the fact that brine is concentrated in a single-stage evaporator 1, and during concentrating it is recycled in recirculation installation 6, while water vapour produced during brine concentrating is compressed in water vapour compressor 14 and returned to the single-stage evaporator 1 as a heating agent. Brine concentrated to more than 300 g/cu.dm of dissolved ions is directed via duct 13 to crystallizers 3 in which salts, mainly NaCl are precipitated.

Effects of Water Reuse on Lake Trout

Abstract: Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were reared in water reused through a series of seven tanks for a period of 150 d. Fish loading per tank was based on a flow index of 0.71, giving a cumulative index of 4.97 after the seventh water use. Dissolved oxygen and total ammonia were measured as indicators of water quality. Average dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 7.6 ppm after the first water use to 3.1 ppm after the seventh use, and average ammonia concentration increased from 0.09 ppm after the first use to 0.94 ppm after the seventh use. Lake trout growth rate began to decline at the fifth water use when dissolved oxygen averaged 3.5 ppm and ammonia 0.75 ppm.

Simultaneous production of table salt and freshwater

Abstract: PURPOSE:To perform the subject production economically in high energy efficiency, by concentration of seawater through electrodialysis followed by specific treatment. CONSTITUTION:Seawater 1 is concentrated (to a salt concentration 15-20wt.%) by electrodialysis 2 followed by introducing the resultant concentrate into a LNG cold heat concentration process 4 to effect direct contact with a LNG jet 5 to freeze part of the water, thus producing a highly concentrated seawater (with a concentration of Ca, 26wt.%) 7. The water separated by the electrodialysis 2 is recovered as freshwater. The highly concentrated seawater 7 is heated in a heating process 8 to be made into table salt 9. The freezed ice separated by the LNG cold heat concentration process 4 is drawn out as an ice slurry 10 partly containing the highly concentrated seawater 7 and is made into a saline water 12 containing a small amount of salt in a ice-melting process 11 followed by treatment in an electrodialysis process 13 to be converted into a residual solution 15 comprising freshwater 14 and salt. The freshwater 14 is directly recovered, whereas the residual solution 15 is treated again. The water 17 evaporated in the heating process 8 is recovered as freshwater 19 in a condensation process 18.

Stochastic Optimal Management of Perched Saline Aquifers in Irrigated Regions

Abstract: Crops grown on the west side of California’s San Joaquin Valley, like those in many irrigated areas of the world, are afflicted with waterlogging and salinity due to high saline water tables. Survival of agriculture as an economically profitable and environmentally acceptable venture in these areas requires careful management of irrigation and drainage on a regional scale (Letey et al., 1986).

Preparation of dried instant rice gruel

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prepare the titled rice gruel having excellent appearance, palatability and long-term preservability, by heating soaked rice when steam, sprinkling saline water added with starch to the rice, carrying out back denaturation after the completion of heating, transferring into a packaging vessel and freeze- drying in vacuum. CONSTITUTION:Polished rice is washed with water, put into a water tank having a water temperature of 10-15 deg.C to soak the rice with water to an extent to increase the weight of the rice from 1kg to 1.35-1.45kg, thrown into a steamer, cooked by heating with steam while preventing the dripping of condensed water and the generation of scorch, sprinkled with a solution produced by mixing starch to a saline water, heated again, subjected to back denaturation, transferred to a packaging vessel and freeze-dried in vacuum to obtain the objective rice gruel.

Effect of depuration on indian cockle anadara granosa

Abstract: ABSTRAcf Anadara granosa (Linna'~us) has a wide distribution along Kakinada coast. Its commercial value as export item is being explored. 1.5 to 2%0 salinity was sufficient for survival of live cockle. Change in composition in each component in cockle during depuration was also studied. By removal of mantles and gills from steamed whole meat, acid insoluble ash content of meat can be reduced considerably. Moreover pepsin digestibility can be incNased to 87.8%. Not much effect of chlorination during depuration was noticed. Anadara granosa (Linnaeus) has a wide distribution along the coast of India. Annual catch of this species at Kakinada Bay is about 2,000 tonnes (Silaset al., 1982). Fishery for this cockle has assumed considerable importance in this bay. Attempt was made to culture this species at Kakinada Bay, and the result was encouraging. It is well known that Anadara species is a popular food, acceptable to the people of Ja­ pan, China, Malaya and other south east asian countries (Pathansali et al., 1958). In India major portion of this species is being utilized for making lime by burning w hole mass; and very . little quantity is being used as medicinal food for pregnant women and a Iso as fish feed. This note projects the changes in cockle during depuration, which is the essential purification process for safe utlization as human food. Li ve cockles collected from Kakinada Bay ·were washed in clean wat<~r to remove adher­ ing mud. The washed cockles were kept (pref­ erably monolayer) for 24 hours in saline water containing common salt (NaCl) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% in tap water (free of chlorine) separately; clean sea water was used in control set. The tap water was used to avoid difficulties in using dirty and highly turbid bay water, and in bringing clean mid sea water. 1.5 to 2% saline wa ter was found to be sufficient for survival of live cockle during depuration for 48 hours. Live cockle were kept in 2%.saline water for 23 hours. These were grouped into three and kept for one hour in 2% saline water con­ taining 0.5 and 10 ppm of available chlorine re­ spectively. The changes in the composition of body components were analysed. The change in total bacterial count per g. of meat was also carried out using tryptone glucose agar.

Single-well injection and recovery of freshwater from an aquifer containing saline water at arecibo, puerto rico

Abstract: The feasibility of injecting, storing, and recovering excess streamflow in a saline aquifer was investigated for a well site in the lower Rio Grande deArecibo valley, at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Six injection-recovery tests were made, which included various injected volumes and storage periods. Injected volumes ranged from 0.6 to 6.6 million gallons. Ttie storage period ranged from 6 minutes to nearly 31 days. Chloride-load accounting was used to indirectly measure the volumes of injected water recovered. Injected water recovered during the tests ranged from 0.12 to 2.1 million gallons (21 and 32 percent, respectively, of total volumes injected). Graphical projections were used to predict the maximum recovery efficiency for various combinations of injected volumes and storage periods. Predicted maximum recovery efficiency generally was less than 60 percent. TJie specific capacity of the test well was decreased about 25 percent as a consequence of injecting water that had a relatively large concentration of suspended sediment (about 100 milligrams per liter). Calculations of chemical equilibrium were made to determine if chemical reactions would occur between the injection water and minerals commonly found in limestones. TJiese calculations indicate that the injected water was supersaturated with calcite, and the aquifer water may be supersaturated with calcite, dolomite, aragonite, and magnesite; this presents a possibility for mineral precipitation. INTRODUCTION Background North-central Puerto Rico (fig. 1) has been subjected to extensive water-resources development as a consequence of the implementation of a rice-growing industry coupled with the continuous growth of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The principal rivers (Rio Grande de Arecibo, Rio Grande de Manati, and Rio Cibuco) of the north-central area can provide more than 150,000 acre-ft/yr (acre-feet per year) of potable water. The major aquifers of Puerto Rico, which are located in this area, provide about 60,000 acre-ft/yr for industrial, public, and agricultural supplies. A water-resources development plan (Santiago-Vazquez, Flaherty, and Giavara, 1982) indicated that about 180,000 acre-ft/yr of combined surface water and ground water would be required from this area to provide future public-water supply for the rapidly growing San Juan metropolitan area. Recent water-resources investigations have indicated that saltwater is migrating inland as a consequence of increasing ground-water withdrawals (Torres-Gonzalez and Diaz, 1984; Gomez-Gomez, 1984; Quinones-Aponte, 1986). Artificial recharge would be helpful in increasing aquifer storage and in controlling the inland migration of saline water. Artificial recharge is a means of augmenting the infiltration of surface water into a ground-water system at a rate that vastly exceeds that which would occur naturally (Pettyjohn, 1981, p. 3). The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture, began a study in 1984 to test the feasibility of artificial recharge to aquifers containing saline water. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of injecting excess streamflow into aquifers containing saline water in order to store water for use when surface-water resources are minimal and to prevent the inland migration of saline water. This report presents the results of a pilot study that used a single injection-recovery well, rather than the more conventional artificial recharge methodologies such as injection well fields and surface spreading. The well selected was the Monte Grande well at Arecibo (fig. 1), where existing facilities were adequate for the injection-recovery experiment. The Monte Grande well was abandoned after the aquifer was subjected to widespread saltwater encroachment caused by extensive ground-water withdrawals. Nearby wells were also affected by saltwater encroachment. The study presents an empirical approach in analyzing the chloride data sets to indirectly deter-

Unusual characteristics in a Meromictic lake in Greece

Abstract: The studied lake, a meromictic shallow lagoon, in Peloponissos, presents unusual physical and chemical features which derive mainly from its mineral springs, and the sea water that invades into the lake. The form of vegetation and the abundant organic matter of the mud together with the sulfate salts of the water create conditions which are responsible for the production of gases such as H2S and CH4. Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and oxygen show that a large area of the lake is well stratified, at least periodically and no marked mixing occurs, between the upper less saline water and the lower saline water. In the halocline the vertical gradient of salinity is large. Mesothermic and poikilothermic conditions were also observed, whereas large temperature differences were recorded in water column.

Salt powder for instant fish processing

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain salt powder for instant fish processing, easily giving a delicious dried fish when used in the preparation of dried sardine, by thoroughly stirring raw saline water having a specific concentration, aging the solution in a dark cold place and pulverizing the product after freeze-drying. CONSTITUTION:Water containing 80-90wt.% of raw salt is thoroughly stirred and aged in a dark cold place until crystals are disappeared. The solution is freeze-dried, pulverized and sealed in an air-impermeable plastic bag to obtain the objective salt powder for instant fish processing.