Showing papers on "Sativum published in 2003"

In vitro effect of essential oils from Cinnamomum aromaticum, Citrus limon and Allium sativum on two intestinal flagellates of poultry, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis.

Abstract: Essential oils may be effective preventive or curative treatments against several flagelated poultry parasites and may become primordial either to organic farms, or as more drugs are bannished. The anti-flagellate activity of essential oils obtained from fresh leaves of Cinnamomum aromaticum, Citrus limon pericarps and Allium sativum bulbs was investigated in vitro on Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis. On T. gallinarum, the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) at 24 hours was 0.25 mul/ml for C. aromaticum oil, and 0.125 mul/ml for C. limon and A. sativum oils. On H. meleagridis, MLC was 0.5 mul/ml for C. aromaticum oil and 1 mul/ml for C. limon and A. sativum oils at 24 and 48 hours. Moreover, no synergistic effects were evidenced in vitro. The essential oil constituents, based on their GC retention times have been also identified. The major component is trans-cinnamaldehyde (79%) for. C. aromaticum; limonene for C. limon (71%) and diallyl tri- and disulfide (79%) for A. sativum. Even if concentration and protocol adaptations are required for successful in vivo treatments, it appears that these oils may be useful as chemotherapeutic agents against several poultry parasites.

Morphological Plasticity by Crop Plants and Their Potassium Use Efficiency

Abstract: A decrease in the use of fertilizers and a decrease in soil fertility direct the research focus towards the ability of the crops to adapt to low potassium (K) conditions and to their ability to utilize sparingly soluble K sources. Pea (Pisum sativum), red clover (Trifolium pratense), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), barley (Hordium vulgare), rye (Secale cerale), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and oilseed rape (Brassica napus oliefera) were grown in thin layers of soils to study their root morphological plasticity and ability to utilize different K pools at 26 and 60 mg exchangeable K kg−1 soil. The legumes (pea, red clover, lucerne) accumulated larger amounts of nitrogen but lower amounts of K than rye, ryegrass, barley, and oilseed rape. The differences in K accumulation correlated with root hair length (R 2 = 0.50). Rye had an outstanding root surface that in total as well as per unit root dry matter was twice that of the other crops. The ranking in decreasing order was rye, ryegrass, oil...

Effects of Fertilizer Phosphorus on Yield Traits of Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) Under Field Conditions

Abstract: Cool-season food legumes (CSFLs) are important supplementary protein sources and soil fertility restorers for subsistence farmers in Ethiopia. Yields of CSFLs, however, are limited by low soil fertility, as they are grown in poor soils, often without fertilizer. Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) is one of the CSFLs cultivated in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. It is highly appreciated by the local people for its taste. This paper reports on the effect of phosphorus (P) on the yield and nutrition value of Dekoko under field conditions, and compares the results with those obtained for Ater (Pisum sativum var. sativum). The experiment was conducted in the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. Three rates of Pequivalent to zero, 30, and 60 kg ha )1 P2O5 were tested. Biomass, leaf area index, branches ⁄ plant, pods ⁄ m 2 and yield responded positively while seeds ⁄ pod and seed weight were not significantly affected by P. Tissue P contents in shoots and roots increased with an increase in Papplication rate, while Pin the nodules was not affected. Crude protein (CP) content increased from 24.9 % of dry matter (DM) at P0 to 26.2 % at P2, and from 24.3 % at P0 to 25.2 % at P2, in Dekoko and Ater seeds, respectively, while total sugars decreased with an increase in Papplication rate. Cysteine in Dekoko and asparagine 3,4 and threonine 3,4 in both varieties decreased, while lysine and other amino acids were not significantly affected by P. P improved seed yield and CP content without greatly affecting the amino acid profile of Dekoko, when compared with that of the FAO ⁄ WHO (1991, Protein Quality Evaluation. Food and Nutrition, Paper 51. FAO ⁄ WHO, Rome) standard pattern of amino acid for children 2–5 years of age. Thus, improving yield through fertilization may help to improve nutritional quality and household food security for subsistence farmers.

Production and characterization of an interspecific hybrid between leek and garlic.

Abstract: An interspecific hybrid between leek (Allium ampeloprasum L) and garlic (Allium sativum L) was produced by hybridization using a fertile garlic clone as a pollen donor and an ovary culture The hybridity was confirmed by chromosome observation (2n = 3x = 24) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis The interspecific hybrid showed a vigorous growth habit, and its foliage was larger than that of the parental species The bulb of the interspecific hybrid was heavier than that of the parents, containing an intermediate number of cloves The hybrid could be propagated vegetatively by planting cloves The odor compounds of garlic, which leek did not have, were detected in the volatiles of the hybrid with a certain concentration The results of the study suggest the possibility of direct use of an interspecific hybrid between A ampeloprasum and A sativum as a new crop

Joint Effects of Elevated Levels of Ultraviolet‐B Radiation, Carbon Dioxide and Ozone on Plants¶†

Abstract: There is growing interest regarding the joint effects of elevated levels of surface ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation, carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) on plants. Our current knowledge of this subject is too limited to draw any specific conclusions, although one might state that such effects are likely to be highly species dependent and may be more than additive, additive or less than additive. There are a number of uncertainties associated with the experimental protocols used and the conclusions reached in many studies. Nevertheless, in North America, there appear to be genotypes of three monocot crop species (Avena sativa L., Oryza sativa L. and Sorghum vulgare L.); six dicot crops (Cucumis sativus L., Lactuca sativa L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L. and Solanum tuberosum L.) and two conifer species (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. and Pinus taeda L.) that may be considered sensitive to the joint effects of elevated levels of UV-B, CO2 and O3. However, to provide a more reliable assessment or validation of the predictions, future research must consider the concept of plant response surfaces and describe them more fully in numerical terms. Achieving that objective will require close cooperation among a number of scientists representing geographic locations with known spatial and temporal differences in UV-B, CO2 and O3 to conduct experiments under their site-specific conditions, using common plant materials and experimental protocols.

Weed Competitive Ability of Green Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Affected by Seeding Rate and Genotype Characteristics

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted in 1997,1998 and 2000 to investigate the effects of genotype and seeding rate on the competitive ability of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops against weeds in organic production. In 1997/98 eight cultivars were tested under three seeding rates (90, 120 and 150 seeds m−2). The dry weight (DW) of the natural weed population at harvest was used to measure competitive ability. In 2000, ten cultivars were tested with one seeding rate (110 seeds m−2) and DW of an in-sown weed crop of winter rape (Brassica napus) plants was used to measure competitive ability. The competitive ability of the pea crop increased significantly when the seeding rate was increased from 90 to 150 seeds m−2 in both years. The reduction in weed DW due to increased seeding rate in 1997 and 1998 was 50% and 30%, respectively, but the increase in yield of peas was only significant in one year. There were significant differences between competitive ability of cultivars in both experiments. Cultivars...

Controlled environment assessment of partial resistance to Mycosphaerella pinodes in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings

Abstract: We evaluated the effect of various genotypes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to delay the development of ascochyta blight, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella pinodes, at the seedling stage under controlled conditions. We assessed leaflets, stipules and stems, separately. We compared genotypes on the basis of four variables assessing resistance: incubation period (IP), appearance of disease scoring 3 (DS3), disease progress rate (rd) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC).For leaves, a continuous variation was observed between pea lines in disease severity at all times and disease progress curves were similar for the various genotypes. Partial resistance was defined as a delay in first symptom appearance and disease development. Resistance factors are thought to be involved in the very early stages of the interaction. Similar results were obtained for stipules and leaflets, suggesting similar mechanisms of resistance in these two organs. Stem and leaf resistances were also strongly correlated. We found that IP could discriminate genotypes but that factors associated with disease progress (DS3, AUDPC and rd) were more informative. We suggest that further genetic analyses should be based on growth-chamber methods, with AUDPC as the variable measured.

Forage potential of semi-leafless grain peas

Abstract: Individually sown plants of a forage-type pea (Pisum sativum L.), cv. Magnus, and a grain-type pea cv. Eiffel, were harvested several times over the growing season to determine how the quantity of plant components changed with time from sowing. There was no difference between the pea types in the mean dry weight per plant. The leaf-to-stem ratio of the two types was also not different. An appropriate grain-type pea cultivar could be a suitable substitute for forage-type cultivar in some forage production systems.

Differential responses to pea bacterial blight in stems, leaves and pods under glasshouse and field conditions

Abstract: Resistance to pea bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi) in different plant parts was assessed in 19 Pisum sativum cultivars and landraces, carrying race-specific resistance genes (R-genes) and two Pisum abyssinicum accessions carrying race-nonspecific resistance. Stems, leaves and pods were inoculated with seven races of P. s. pv. pisi under glasshouse conditions. For both race-specific and nonspecific resistance, a resistant response in the stem was not always associated with resistance in leaf and pod. Race-specific genes conferred stem resistance consistently, however, there was variability in the responses of leaves and pods which depended on the matching R-gene and A-gene (avirulence gene in the pathogen) combination. R2 generally conferred resistance in all plant parts. R3 or R4 singly did not confer complete resistance in leaf and pod, however, R3 in combination with R2 or R4 enhanced leaf and pod resistance. Race-nonspecific resistance conferred stem resistance to all races, leaf and pod resistance to races 2, 5 and 7 and variable reactions in leaves and pods to races 1, 3, 4 and 6. Disease expression was also studied in the field under autumn/winter conditions. P. sativum cultivar, Kelvedon Wonder (with no R genes), and two P. abyssinicum accessions, were inoculated with the most frequent races in Europe under field conditions (2, 4 and 6). Kelvedon Wonder was very susceptible to all three races, whereas P. abyssinicum was much less affected. The combination of disease resistance with frost tolerance in P. abyssinicum enabled plants to survive through the winter. A breeding strategy combining race-nonspecific resistance derived from P. abyssinicum with race-specific R-genes should provide durable resistance under severe disease pressure.

Effects of addition of flavonoid signals and environmental factors on nodulation and nodule development in the pea (Pisum sativum)–Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae symbiosis

Abstract: The legume–Rhizobium symbiosis is the most important source of biologically fixed nitrogen in agricultural systems. However, it is complex and sensitive to environmental effects, including available mineral nitrogen, soil salinity, and low root-zone temperature. How these factors inhibit the symbiosis is not well understood. If the effects are mostly on the early stages of nodulation, addition of signal molecule(s) may overcome it. Pisum sativum seeds were germinated and the seedlings were inoculated with bacterial culture and cultivated under controlled environment conditions, studying each of the above nodulation-inhibitory factors, under 3 levels: control (little or no inhibitory condition), and moderately or severely inhibitory conditions. Aspects of nodule development (size and number) were measured with a scanner-based technology. All of the environmental conditions studied had effects on both nodule establishment and development. The addition of either hesperitin or naringenin frequently modified nodule development, most markedly under saline conditions. Flavonoid additions had only small effects under high nitrogen availability conditions, and stronger effects under saline and low root zone temperature conditions.

Diversification of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) system for improving soil fertility and productivity

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during 1996–97 to 1999–2000 at Karnal, to evaluate the effect of 6 rice (Oryza sativa L)-based crop sequences on soil fertility and productivity. Maximum wheat-equivalent yield was recorded by inclusion of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (197.1–200.3 q/ha), followed by vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.) (173.5–173.8 q/ha) between rice and wheat (Triticum aestivum L emend. Fiori & Paol.) crops. These systems resulted in additional wheat-equivalent yield of 48–71 q/ha over the rice-wheat system. Continuous incorporation of Sesbania aculeata as green-manure increased organic carbon by 8.7%, available N by 12.1%, Olsen's P by 10.1% and available K by 5.0% in soil compared to rice-wheat sequence. Growing of vegetable pea and potato between rice and wheat also increased organic carbon by 8.9 and 17.1%, available N by 6.3 and 8.3% and available P by 6.3 and 19.0%, respectively, compared to rice-wheat system. Green-manuring with Sesbania aculeata added 97–109 kg N/ha and enhanced the wheat-equivalent yield in the rice-wheat system. Electrical conductivity and pH of soil decreased due to the inclusion of vegetable rice, potato and green-manure.

Isolation of pisumin, a novel antifungal protein from legumes of the sugar snap pea Pisum sativum var macrocarpon.

Abstract: An antifungal protein with a novel N-terminal sequence GVGAAYGCFG and a molecular mass of 31 kDa was isolated from the legumes of the sugar snap pea Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon. The protein, designated pisumin, exhibited antifungal activity against Coprinus comatus and Pleurotus ostreatus and much weaker activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. Pisumin inhibited cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with an IC(50) of 6 microM. Pisumin was similar to other leguminous antifungal proteins in that it was adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-Sepharose.

Soil Pollution Alters ATP and Chlorophyll Contents in Pisum sativum Seedlings

Abstract: Pisum sativum L. cv. Phenomen plants were grown in pots in greenhouse and their growth, and ATP and chlorophyll (Chl) a and b contents were assessed after 9-d exposure to sodium arsenate [0.04 and 0.07 mmol kg−1(soil)], or to lead acetate [2.0 and 4.0 mmol kg−1(soil)], or zinc acetate [5.3 and 9.3 mmol kg−1(soil)]. The luciferin-luciferase method was used for ATP analyses. Soil pollution reduced significantly the growth, but the low toxicant concentrations elevated the cotyledon and shoot ATP concentrations per fresh matter content. The ATP/Chl ratio was increased in the zinc-treated seedlings as compared with the respective controls. The ATP concentration and a number of growth parameters were negatively correlated, and thus the high ATP content might contribute to the significantly reduced growth of seedlings.

Responses of Pisum Sativum to Soil Arsenate, Lead and Zinc: A Greenhouse Study of Mineral Elements, Phytase Activity, ATP And Chlorophylls

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Untersuchungen und Kalkulationstabellen zur Schätzung der N2-Fixierleistung und der N-Flächenbilanz beim Anbau von Lupinus albus und Lupinus luteus in Reinsaat und von Vicia faba und Pisum sativum in Reinsaat und im Gemenge mit Avena sativa

Abstract: In 1999 a three year lasting field experiment with different crop legumes from one to four species on four varying field sides in Lower Saxony was started. In detail Vicia faba, Pisum sativum as green pea and as grain crop, Lupinus albus and Lupinus luteus (only on two of the four sides) were integrated as sole crops (open sowing). Vicia faba and Pisum sativum were grown in mixture with Avena sativa, harvested as total plant silage (BBCH 79) and as a grain crop (BBCH 89 to 99). The chief purpose was to develop an improved calculation model to estimate the symbiotic nitrogen fixation rate in legume cultivations. In order to reach this aim the nitrogen contents in root and shoot were detected and the extractable mineral N contents in soils were determined using a CaCl2 method. The amount of the nitrogen derived from soil and atmosphere in the different plant organs was detected by using 15N isotope technique. The studies integrated Brassica napus as well as Avena sativa and the 15N enrichment of the plant organs of the dicotyledon Brassica napus showed constantly higher 15N values than the monocotyledon plant Avena sativa so that Brassica napus was more suitable as a reference plant.At maturity the average amount of the N2 fixation of the monocrop Vicia faba was 193.0 kg N ha-1. Pisum sativum fixed 141.3 kg N ha-1, Lupinus albus 125.1 kg N ha-1 and Lupinus luteus 153.5 kg N ha-1 respectively. In the mixed crop systems with Avena sativa the nodulating partner Vicia faba and Pisum sativum fixed an average amount of 185.7 kg N ha-1 and 128.8 kg N ha-1 respectively. The absorption of inorganic soil N at full ripeness of Vicia faba was averaged out to 69.0 kg N ha-1. Pisum sativum as a grain crop used 52.0 kg N ha-1 of the mineral N, Lupinus albus took up 90.8 kg N ha-1 while it was 83.8 kg N ha-1 at Lupinus luteus. Vicia faba as mixed crop with Avena sativa took up 57.1 kg N ha-1 and Pisum sativum as mixed crop absorbed 63.9 kg N ha-1. The atmospherically derived N in shoots and roots of Pisum sativum at milky ripeness was about 100.4 kg N ha-1 on average and the mean amount of the soil derived N came to 51.8 kg N ha-1.In mixed stands with Avena sativa harvested as total plant silage the nodulating partner Vicia faba on average used 53.6 kg N ha-1 of the plant available N in soil and Pisum sativum 50.5 kg N ha-1. In this utilization of Vicia faba the contents of nitrogen derived from atmosphere was 122.8 kg N ha-1 on average, at Pisum sativum 100.9 kg N ha-1 were found. Only small differences between soil N and N derived from atmosphere could be determined between the tested varieties of one species.The N2 fixation is inter alia affected by numerous environmental factors like the particle size distribution of the soil, nutrients (especially nitrate), and further climatic influences. With help of the great amount of data obtained of this field trial close correlations between corn yield and the total plant N (shoot and root) accumulated and the N derived from atmosphere were found and these data were used to deduce the N balance of the tested grain legumes. By consulting the determined data and assessed amounts of N released by rhizodeposition of the leguminous plants to the soil an already existing method for calculating the N balance (SCHMIDTKE 2001) was used to hand over a model to the agricultural and water engineering advisory service. The calculation model is relatively easy because the grain yield is the factor needed to deduce the N2 fixation rate and the N balance of the grain legumes integrated in the field trial.

Effect of chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay in gestating ewe diets

Abstract: Lathyrus sativus (grasspea or chickling vetch, guaya in Ethiopia, khesari in India; IPBO, 2003) is a common food legume widely grown and eaten throughout many parts of the world (Jaby El-Haramein et al., 1998; Small, 1999; IPBO, 2003). The nutritional composition of L. Sativus and L. cicera (two closely related species) is similar to that of other feed grain legumes (e.g. field pea [Pisum sativum], faba bean [Vicia faba], lupine [Lupinus angustifolius]; Hanbury et al., 2000; White et al., 2001). However, Lathyrus spp. can contain a large number of antinutritional substances that can reduce their potential as a raw, unprocessed feedstuffs (Foster et al. 1996; Grela et al., 2001). Most notable is a neurotoxin, 3-N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (acronymns: β-oxalyl-diaminopropionic acid or ODAP and β-oxalyl-amino-alanine or BOAA), which can cause a paralysis of the lower limbs known as Alathyrism@ (Hanbury et. al., 2000; Grela et al., 2001).

Physicochemical traits of Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) seeds.

Abstract: Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) has high appreciation for its taste and obtains a premium price in local markets compared to Ater (Pisum sativum var. sativum). However, data on the physicochemical traits of Dekoko seeds were lacking. This paper reports on the physicochemical features of Dekoko and compares the results with that of Ater. Seed weight and seed volume were 36 and 30%, respectively, higher in Ater, while water absorption, percent seed swelling, and percent husk were higher in Dekoko. Cooking time was shorter for Dekoko than Ater seeds. Decortication reduced cooking time on average by 39 and 45 min in Dekoko and Ater, respectively. Cotyledon flour of Dekoko contained 251 g crude protein, 19 g fat, 31.7 g total sugars, 370 g starch, and 130 g neutral detergent fiber per kilogram DM. These traits were significantly higher in Dekoko than in Ater, except for starch, which was higher in the latter. Arginine, asparagine, and glutamine occurred in larger proportions, and collectively contributed about 39% to the total amino acids in both varieties. Lysine contributed about 7%, while sulfur containing amino acids constituted about 3.0 and 2.3% of the total amino acids in Dekoko and Ater, respectively. Ca and Mg were higher in Ater, while P was higher in Dekoko. Based on the observations it was concluded that Dekoko is a suitable supplementary protein source for a cereal-based diet.