Showing papers on "Social movement published in 2007"

When Multiplication Doesn't Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm

Abstract: In the past twenty years, intersectionality has emerged as a compelling response to arguments on behalf of identity-based politics across the discipline. It has done so by drawing attention to the simultaneous and interacting effects of gender, race, class, sexual orientation,andnationaloriginascategoriesofdifference.Intersectionalargumentsandresearchfindingshavehadvaryinglevelsof impact in feminist theory, social movements, international human rights, public policy, and electoral behavior research within political science and across the disciplines of sociology, critical legal studies, and history. Yet consideration of intersectionality as a research paradigm has yet to gain a wide foothold in political science. This article closely reads research on race and gender across subfields of political science to present a coherent set of empirical research standards for intersectionality.

Social Movements as Extra-Institutional Entrepreneurs: The Effect of Protests on Stock Price Returns

Abstract: This paper uses social movement theory to examine one way in which secondary stakeholders outside the corporation may influence organizational processes, even if they are excluded from participating in legitimate channels of organizational change. Using data on activist protests of U.S. corporations during 1962–1990, we examine the effect of protests on abnormal stock price returns, an indicator of investors' reactions to a focal event. Empirical analysis demonstrates that protests are more influential when they target issues dealing with critical stakeholder groups, such as labor or consumers, and when generating greater media coverage. Corporate targets are less vulnerable to protest when the media has given substantial coverage to the firm prior to the protest event. Past media attention provides alternative information to investors that may contradict the messages broadcast by protestors.

Ideologically motivated activism: How activist groups influence corporate social change activities

Abstract: Using insights from the social movement literature and institutional change theory, we explore how activism influences corporate social change activities. As the responsibility for addressing a variety of social issues is transferred from the state to the private sector, activist groups increasingly challenge firms to take up such issues, seeking to influence the nature and level of corporate social change activities. Eventually, they aim to bring about field-level change. We argue that ideological differences among activist groups motivate them to choose different influence tactics to support their claims.

Political Context and Opportunity

Abstract: In his study of popular contention in Great Britain during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, Charles Tilly (1995) observed a basic shift in the means of popular protest or claims-making – a shift away from short-term, local, and highly variable forms of contention towards a new repertoire of long-term, national, and generally applicable forms. These massive changes in contention involved a parliamentarization and nationalization of claims-making. Thus the timing of claimsmaking came to depend more closely on the rhythms of parliamentary discussion and governmental action. Britain was the first, but by no means the only country, where such a large-scale shift took place. As Tilly (1995: 364–77) explains, these shifts occurred because the ‘‘entire structure of political opportunity changed.’’ More specifically, they were the result of four related processes which converged to profoundly change the opportunities of popular protest: state-making, economic and demographic change, and contention’s cumulative history interwove to create the preconditions for a new repertoire of popular protest that was large in scale and national in scope. In addition, they enhanced the strategic advantage and maneuvering room of formally constituted associations, especially those with national constituencies, as a basis for popular contention. First, war-driven expansion, strengthening, and centralization of the British state gave increasing political advantage to groups that could convey their demands directly to Parliament, whose fiscal and regulative powers were augmented from decade to decade. Second, capitalization, commercialization, and proletarianization of economic life created the basis for the class-cleavage and gave workers and employers increasing incentives and opportunities to band together on a regional or national scale. Third, population growth, migration, urbanization, and the creation of larger producing organizations gave additional advantage to organizations and political entrepreneurs capable of connecting and coordinating the actions by dispersed clusters of people. Finally, the Snow / Blackwell Companion to SocialMovements 14.11.2003 3:22pm page 67

Intersectionality as a Normative and Empirical Paradigm

Abstract: In the 10 years that I have conducted intersectional research, my views have changed significantly in terms of how I conceptualize the subspecialization. Originally I thought of intersectionality as a content-based specialization that emphasized the subjectivity of women who reside at the intersections of race-, gender-, class-, and sexual orientation–based marginalizations (and other categories of difference). Thinking of it in this way, with a focus on content, follows the logic of much groundbreaking work in women's studies and women and politics scholarship. The primary pursuit of this focus is inclusion – incorporating previously ignored and excluded populations into preexisting frameworks to broaden our knowledge base regarding traditional questions of political science. For example, examining gender differences in voting behavior, party identification, candidate recruitment, and social movements has contributed critical knowledge to the discipline of political science.

Taking the power out of empowerment – an experiential account

Abstract: This article traces the centuries-long evolution of the concept and practice of empowerment, its adoption by radical social movements, especially women's movements from the 1970s onwards, and its conversion, by the late 1990s, into a buzzword. Situating the analysis in the context of women's empowerment interventions in India, the article describes the dynamic of the depoliticisation and subversion of a process that challenged the deepest structures of social power. The ‘downsizing’ and constriction of the concept within state policy, the de-funding of genuine empowerment strategies on the ground, and the substitution of microfinance and political quotas for empowerment are examined and analysed.

Digital Network Repertoires and Organizational Hybridity

Abstract: This article is driven by two interrelated questions. First, is the Internet enabling organizational change among traditional interest groups and political parties, such that they are starting to resemble the looser network forms characteristic of social movements? Second, what role is the Internet playing in new, conceptually intriguing citizen organizations such as MoveOn, the U.S.-based but internationally oriented entity? I develop the concept of repertoires to argue that the Internet encourages “organizational hybridity.” This captures two trends. First, established interest groups and parties are experiencing processes of hybridization based on the selective transplantation and adaptation of digital network repertoires previously considered typical of social movements. Second, new organizational forms are emerging that exist only in hybrid form and that could not function in the ways that they do without the Internet and the complex spatial and temporal interactions it facilitates. These “hybrid mob...

Europeanization : new research agendas

Abstract: Acknowledgments List of Contributors PART ONE: INTRODUCTION Challenges of a New Research Agenda M.Vink & P.Graziano PART TWO: THEORY AND METHODS The Three Worlds of Regional Integration Theory J.Caporaso Conceptual Issues C.M.Radaelli & R.Pasquier Theorizing Europeanization S.Bulmer Methodology M.Haverland PART THREE: POLITICS & POLITY Territory K.H.Goetz Candidate Countries and Conditionality F.Schimmelfennig & U.Sedelmeier Regulatory Governance D.Levi-Faur State Structures P.Bursens Core Executives B.Laffan Parliamentary Scrutiny R.Holzhacker Political Parties and Party Systems P.Mair Interest Groups and Social Movements R.Eising Courts S.Nyikos PART FOUR: POLICIES Policy Implementation U.Sverdrup Agricultural Policy C.Roederer-Rynning Environmental Policy T.A.Borzel Cohesion Policy I.Bache Social Policy G.Falkner Telecommunications Policy V.Schneider & R.Werle Economic Policy K.Dyson Anti-Discrimination Policy V.Guiraudon Asylum Policy S.Lavenex Foreign Policy R.Wong PART FIVE: CONCLUSION Some Promises and Pitfalls of Europeanization Research D.Lehmkuhl Bibliography

How Foundations Shape Social Movements : The Construction of an Organizational Field and the Rise of Forest Certification

Abstract: Social movement scholars have demonstrated that foundation patronage channels social movements away from radical activities toward moderate goals, but accounts of how this process occurs are underdeveloped. Existing research typically focuses on foundations' differential selection of grant recipients (i.e., “cherry-picking” nonthreatening groups) and transformation of particular recipient organizations over time (i.e., professionalizing grassroots groups). Scholars have overlooked ways in which foundations shape social movements by building or restructuring entire organizational fields. Foundation-led “field-building” activities may embed social movement organizations (SMOs) in new contexts and enroll them in new projects, thus channeling protest in subtle ways. This argument is illustrated with the case of forest certification—a form of governance created in the 1990s as a moderate, market-based alternative to disruptive environmental boycotts. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, I show how foundations coordinated their grant-making to build a field of forest certification, enrolled social movement organizations in this project, and used the leverage of protest to further their fieldbuilding agenda.

Mapping the Terrain

Abstract: Social movements are one of the principal social forms through which collectivities give voice to their grievances and concerns about the rights, welfare, and well-being of themselves and others by engaging in various types of collective action, such as protesting in the streets, that dramatize those grievances and concerns and demand that something be done about them. Although there are other more institutionalized and publicly less conspicuous venues in which collectivities can express their grievances and concerns, particularly in democratic societies, social movements have long functioned as an important vehicle for articulating and pressing a collectivity’s interests and claims. Indeed, it is arguable that an understanding of many of the most significant developments and changes throughout human history – such as the ascendance of Christianity, the Reformation, and the French, American, and Russian revolutions – are partly contingent on an understanding of the workings and influence of social movements, and this is especially so during the past several centuries. In this regard, it is interesting to note that Time magazine’s December 31, 1999, centennial issue (McGeary 1999) included Mohandas Gandhi, the inspirational leader of one the more consequential movements of the past century, among its three major candidates for the person of the century. Why Gandhi? Because ‘‘(h)e stamped his ideas on history, igniting three of the century’s great revolutions – against colonialism, racism, violence. His concept of nonviolent resistance liberated one nation and sped the end of colonial empires around the world. His marches and fasts fired the imagination of oppressed people everywhere’’ (1999: 123). And ‘‘his strategy of nonviolence has spawned generations of spiritual heirs around the world’’ (1999: 127), including Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, Lech Walesa, Benigno Aquino Jr., and Nelson Mandela – all erstwhile, internationally prominent leaders of a major, consequential social movement in their respective homelands. While one might quibble with Time’s estimation of Gandhi’s influence, the more important point is that some of the major events and figures of the past century, as well as earlier, are bound up with social movements. And that is particularly true Snow / Blackwell Companion to SocialMovements 13.11.2003 11:43am page 3

Movement Framing and Discursive Opportunity Structures: The Political Successes of the U.S. Women's Jury Movements

Abstract: Collective actors typically attempt to bring about a change in law or policy by employing discursive tactics designed to convince key political decision-makers to alter policy, yet few systematic studies of the effects of social movement framing on political outcomes exist. We theorize that the cultural context in which framing takes place moderates the success of movement framing in winning changes in policy. We examine the efforts of organized women, during roughly the first half of the twentieth century, to convince lawmakers to broaden jury laws to give women the opportunity to sit on juries. To examine the combined effect of framing and the discursive opportunities provided by hegemonic legal principles, traditional gender beliefs, gendered political opportunities, opposition framing, and wartime, we use logistic regression. The findings provide substantial evidence that framing's influence is moderated by discursive elements in the broader context. Our results suggest that investigations of how citi...

The Demand and Supply of Participation: social psychological correlates of participation in a social movement

Abstract: This paper provides a review of recent developments in the social psychology of movement participation. It begins with a description of forms of participation and continues with a discussion of participation in the life course. The centre piece, however, concerns the dynamics of participation. Elaborating on these dynamics the ‘demand-supply’ metaphor is borrowed from economics. Participation in a social movement is defined as the outcome of a process of mobilization that brings a demand for political protest that exists in a society together with a supply of opportunities to take part in protest offered by movement organizations. The social psychological transaction that is taking place between an individual considering to participate in a social movement activity and a movement organization trying to persuade the individual to take part in its activities is conceptualised in terms of three fundamental motives: people may want to change their circumstances (instrumentality), they may want to act as members of their group (identity), or they may want to give meaning to their world and express their views and feelings (ideology). The demand- and supplyside of participation are discussed in terms of these three motives. Steps in the process of mobilization are analysed. Keywords Participation, social movement, social psychology, political psychology, mobilization process Resumo Este artigo faz uma revisao do recente desenvolvimento da psicologia social dos movimentos sociais. Inicia-se com uma descricao das formas de participacao e continua com uma descricao da participacao na vida social. A questao central, no entanto, diz respeito a dinâmica de participacao. Palavras-Chave Participacao, movimentos sociais, psicologia social, psicologia politica, processo de mobilizacao

Feminism After Bourdieu

Abstract: How might Bourdieu's social philosophy and social theory be of use to feminism? And how might it relate to - or possibly even fruitfully reframe - the ongoing problematics and current theoretical issues of feminism? In this volume contributors will use, critique, critically extend and develop Bourdieu's social theory to address some of the most pressing issues of our times. And in so doing they will address both ongoing and key contemporary problematics in contemporary feminist theory. These include the problematic of theorizing social agency (and especially the problematic of social versus performative agency); the issue of the relationship of social movements (and especially women's movements) to social change; the politics of cultural authorization; the theorization of technological forms of embodiment (that is the theorization of embodiment post bounded conceptions of the body); the relations of affect to the political; and the articulation of principles of what might be termed a new feminist materialism which goes beyond Bourdieu's own social logics.

La Via Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants

Abstract: 1. PEASANT ACTIVISM, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES 2. MODERNIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION - THE ENCLOSURE OF AGRICULTURE 3. PEASANTS AND FARMERS GO GLOBAL 4. 'THE WTO... WILL MEET SOMEWHERE, SOMETIME. AND WE WILL BE THERE!' 5. ORGANIZATION, CO-OPERATION AND COLLABORATION 6. THE POWER OF PEASANTS - REFLECTIONS ON THE MEANINGS OF THE VIA CAMPESINA.

Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn

Abstract: CONTENTS Abbreviations xxx Chronology xxx Preface xxx 1 Islam and Democracy: Perverse Charm of an Irrelevant Question 1 2 Revolution without Movement, Movement without Revolution: Islamist Activism in Iran and Egypt (1960s-1980s) 000 3 The Making of a Post-Islamist Movement: Social Movements and Socio-Political Change in Iran, 1980-1997 000 4 Post-Islamism in Power: Dilemmas of Reform Project, 1997-2004 000 5 Egypt's 'Passive Revolution': The State and the Fragmentation of Islamism (1992-2005) 000 6 The Politics of Presence: Imagining a Post-Islamist Democracy 000 Reference Matter 000 Persian and Arabic Journals Cited 000 Notes 000 Bibliography 000 Index 000

Power, Participation and Political Renewal: Case studies in public participation

Abstract: Introduction Participation in context Inclusive democracy and social movements Shaping public participation: public bodies and their publics Re-forming services Neighbourhood and community governance Responding to a differentiated public Issues and expertise Conclusion: power, participation and political renewal.

The Cultural Contexts of Collective Action: Constraints, Opportunities, and the Symbolic Life of Social Movements

Abstract: That the study of social movements and collective action in the US took a ‘‘cultural turn’’ beginning in the 1980s is not news. One can chart culture’s popularity in the recent scholarly literature (e.g., Larana et al. 1994; Darnovsky et al. 1995; Johnston and Klandermans 1995), but in 2003 development is approaching two decades old. Even as the ‘‘resource mobilization’’ approach was establishing itself as the dominant theoretical lens for studying socialmovements (e.g., Jenkins1983;Zald andMcCarthy 1987), and ‘‘political process’’ models were amending the conception of ‘‘structure’’ in movements (e.g.,McAdam1982;Morris 1984), scholarsweredevelopingand refining approaches to understanding culture and social movements. Several chapters in this volume report on the fruits of this engagement – or perhaps ‘‘re-engagement’’ – with culture and collective action. The topics covered include such concepts as ‘‘framing,’’ and ‘‘collective identity,’’ or the study of the roles of emotions inmovement actions and the resulting cultural consequences from activism. This chapter contributes to the consideration of culture by making an argument for increased attention to the ‘‘cultural environment’’ in which movements occur and how that environment shapes collective action. This involves a de-centering of the individual social movement as the level of analysis, and increased attention to how the availability of legitimated cultural resources channels and often constrains movement activity. I begin with a review of the general cultural turn in the study of social movements.

Moving Management: Theorizing Struggles against the Hegemony of Management

Abstract: How do groups resist the apparently all-encompassing discourse of management? Rejecting current theories of resistance as `re-appropriation' or `micro-politics', we argue that resistance may be thought of as a hegemonic struggle undertaken by social movements. We identify four major resistance movements that engage with management: unions, organizational misbehaviour, civic movements and civic movement organizations. We argue that these forms of resistance differ in terms of location (civil society or workplace) and strategy (political or infra-political). We chart out the possible interconnections between these different modes of resistance and detail how these interconnections are established. By doing this, the paper provides a framework for understanding the many forms of resistance movements that seek to disrupt the hegemonic discourse of management.

Ideology, Framing Processes, and Islamic Terrorist Movements

Abstract: We argue that the monolithic use and application of the concept of ideology to Islamic terrorist movements is of questionable analytic utility because it tends not only to ignore ideological variation and flexibility among these movements, but also glosses over the kind of discursive work required to articulate and elaborate the array of possible links between ideas, events, and action. Drawing on the framing perspective in the study of social movements, we examine the development and articulation of mobilizing ideas associated with Islamic militancy and terrorist movements, ranging from the Iranian revolution of the late 1970s to more recent movements, such as al Qaeda, originating within the Middle East and Central Asia. By focusing on framing processes as key discursive mechanisms, we attempt to advance our understanding of the diverse ideological work required to facilitate the mobilization of jihadi militants as well as provide the motivation to commit sensational acts of violence such as suicide bom...