Showing papers on "Stereotype published in 1997"
TL;DR: Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups, that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.
Abstract: A general theory of domain identification is used to describe achievement barriers still faced by women in advanced quantitative areas and by African Americans in school. The theory assumes that sustained school success requires identification with school and its subdomains; that societal pressures on these groups (e.g., economic disadvantage, gender roles) can frustrate this identification; and that in school domains where these groups are negatively stereotyped, those who have become domain identified face the further barrier of stereotype threat, the threat that others' judgments or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain. Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups (offering a new interpretation of group differences in standardized test performance), that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.
6,069 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that people high and low in prejudice respond similarly to direct stereotype activation but differently to category activation, implying that the relations among categorization, stereotyping, and prejudice are more flexible than it is often assumed.
Abstract: Three experiments tested the hypothesis that people high and low in prejudice respond similarly to direct stereotype activation but differently to category activation. Study 1 (N=40) showed that high- and low-prejudice people share the same knowledge of the stereotype of Black people. In Study 2, (N=51) high-prejudice participants formed a more negative and less positive impression of the target person after subliminal priming of the category Blacks than did participants in the no-prime condition. Low-prejudice people tended in the opposite direction. In Study 3 (N=45), both high- and low-prejudice people increased negative ratings when valenced stereotype content was also primed. These findings support a distinction between automatic stereotype activation resulting from direct priming and that consequent upon category activation, implying that the relations among categorization, stereotyping, and prejudice are more flexible than it is often assumed.
583 citations
TL;DR: Bargh et al. as mentioned in this paper showed that the perceiver's stereotype-consistent behavior causes the target person to reciprocate in kind, thereby confirming the perceivers' stereotypic beliefs.
515 citations
TL;DR: The authors tested whether computers embedded with the most minimal gender cues will evoke gender-based stereotypic responses, using an experimental paradigm (N = 40) that involved computers with voice output, and found that the tendency to gender stereotype is extremely powerful, extending even to stereotyping of machines.
Abstract: This study tested whether computers embedded with the most minimal gender cues will evoke gender-based stereotypic responses. Using an experimental paradigm (N = 40) that involved computers with voice output, the study tested 3 gender-based stereotypes under conditions in which all suggestions of gender were removed, with the sole exception of vocal cues. In all 3 cases, gender-stereotypic responses were obtained. Because the experimental manipulation involved no deception regarding the source of the voices. this study presents evidence that the tendency to gender stereotype is extremely powerful, extending even to stereotyping of machines.
473 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and group life has been studied extensively in the literature, see as discussed by the authors for a survey of the literature on the subject. But the main focus of this paper is on the role of group identification in the formation of stereotypes.
Abstract: Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. 1. Introduction: The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and Group Life. Russell Spears, Penelope J. Oakes, Naomi Ellemers and S. Alexander Haslam. 2. Stereotypes as Explanations: A Subjective Essentialistic View of Group Perception. Vincent Yzerbyt, Steve Rocher and Georges Schadron. 3. Asking the Accuracy Question: Is Measurement the Answer?. Penelope J. Oakes and Katherine J. Reynolds. 4. Changing the Stereotype of the Stereotype. Stephen Worcel and Hank Rothgerber. 5. Stereotype Construction as a Strategy of Influence. Stephen Reicher, Nick Hopkins and Susan Condor. 6. Stereotyping and Social Influence: Foundations of Stereotype Consensus. S. Alemxander Haslam. 7. Stereotype Formation: Beyond Illusionary Correlation. Craig McGarty and Anne--Marie de la Haye. 8. Stereotyping and the Burden of Cognitive Load. Russell Spears and S. Alexander Haslam. 9. Stereotyping in Social Context. Naomi Ellemers and Ad van Knippenberg. 10. Categorization, Recategorization and Common Ingroup Identity. Phyllis Anatasio, Betty Bachman, Samuel Gaertner and John Dovidio. 11. Stereotyping under Threat: The Role of Group Identification. Bertjan Doosje and Naomi Ellemers. 12. Interdependence, Social Identity and Discrimination. Richrad Y. Bourhis, John C. Turner and Andre Gagnon. 13. The Self--esteem Hypothesis Revisited: Differentiation and the Disaffected. Karen Long and Russell Spears. 14. Self and Group in Modern Society: Ten Theses on the Individual Self and the Collective Self. Bernd Simon. 15. Commentary: Individual, Group and System Levels of Aanlysis and their Relevance for Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations. Charles Stangor and John T. Jost. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
434 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, social psychological theories of social stereotyping are used to generate a series of predictions about the conditions under which whites' stereotypes of African-Americans are likely to bias their evaluations of blacks in the context of crime.
Abstract: Theory: Social psychological theories of social stereotyping are used to generate a series of predictions about the conditions under which whites' stereotypes of African-Americans are likely to bias their evaluations of blacks in the context of crime. Hypotheses: Stereotypes of African-Americans should influence attitudes on crime policy primarily when criminals are black, crimes are violent, policies are punitive, and no individuating information seriously undercuts the stereotype. Methods: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) procedures are used to administer a series of survey experiments where the race and other characteristics of the target (e.g., criminal suspects, furlough programs, etc.) are manipulated in interviews with Lexington, Kentucky residents in a 1994 probability survey. Results: Consistent with our expectations, we find a strong relationship between whites' images of African-Americans and judgments of crime and punishment, but only for black criminals who commit violent crimes, and only for punitive (vs. preventive) policies. Because these are the circumstances which typically surround the crime issue, we conclude that much of public opinion in this domain is influenced by racial concerns.
433 citations
TL;DR: This article found that whites holding negative stereotypes are substantially more likely to judge blacks more harshly than similarly described whites in the areas of welfare and crime policy, and even whites with strongly negative perceptions of blacks respond quite favorably to them when confronted with individuating information that clearly contradicts their stereotype.
Abstract: Theory: Social psychological theories of social stereotyping are used to generate a series of predictions about how and when whites'stereotypes of African-Americans are likely to bias their evaluations of blacks in the areas of welfare and crime. Hypotheses: The degree to which whites endorse negative stereotypes of blacks not only tends to bias their judgments of black (versus white) welfare recipients and criminal suspects, but also affects the way they respond to counter-stereotypical information about the target. Methods: Regression analysis and analysis of variance of data from a series of survey experiments with 1,841 whites in which the race and other attributes of welfare mothers, welfare recipients, and drug suspects were manipulated. Results: Whites holding negative stereotypes are substantially more likely to judge blacks more harshly than similarly described whites in the areas of welfare and crime policy. We also find that even whites with strongly negative perceptions of blacks respond quite favorably to them when confronted with individuating information that clearly contradicts their stereotype. By way of contrast, respondents who reject negative stereotypes of African-Americans display a remarkable consistency in their responses across both the race and the individuating information of the target.
359 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that Asian male and female models are overrepresented in terms of proportion of the population (3.6%), appearing in 8.4% of the commercials, and Asian women are rarely depicted in major roles.
Abstract: Asian-Americans are a growth market. Their affluence, high education, and work ethic position them as a “model minority.” However complimentary that term may seem, it nonetheless represents a stereotype whose prevalence must be documented to examine the intersection of minority status and gender in mass media portrayals. The authors report a content analysis of more than 1300 prime time television advertisements conducted to assess the frequency and nature of Asian-American representation. They found that Asian male and female models are overrepresented in terms of proportion of the population (3.6%), appearing in 8.4% of the commercials. However, Asian models are more likely than members of other minority groups to appear in background roles, and Asian women are rarely depicted in major roles. Further, the findings indicate that portrayals of Asian-Americans put so much emphasis on the work ethic that other aspects of life seldom appear. For example, Asian models are overrepresented in business ...
252 citations
TL;DR: This article examined whether biased assimilation and attitude polarization occur in the processing of stereotype-relevant scientific information and the role of affect in these processes and found that negative affective reactions after attitude-inconsistent than attitude-consistent information mediated biased processing.
Abstract: Two studies examined (a) whether biased assimilation and attitude polarization occur in the processing of stereotype-relevant scientific information and (b) the role of affect in these processes. In Study 1, individuals high or low in prejudice toward homosexuals read two fictitious studies, one confirming and one disconfirming the stereotype of homosexuality. Study 2 replicated Study 1 using a sample including individuals with moderate attitudes about homosexuality. Evidence of biased assimilation was found. Participants perceived research consistent with their attitude about homosexuality as more convincing than research inconsistent with their attitude. Evidence of attitude polarization was also found but was restricted to measures of perceived attitude change. Finally, participants reported more negative affective reactions after attitude-inconsistent than attitude-consistent information, and evidence was found that these affective reactions mediated biased processing. Implications of the results for ...
244 citations
TL;DR: The results are taken to indicate that ERPs are sensitive to violations of gender-based occupational stereotypes and that the ERP response to stereotype violations is similar to the P600 effect elicited by a variety of syntactic anomalies.
Abstract: Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while 14 males and 14 females read sentences containing a reflexive pronoun that referred to a definitionally or stereotypically male or female antecedent noun. Pronouns that disagreed with the gender definition or gender stereotype of the antecedent elicited a large-amplitude positive wave. Violations of gender definitions elicited a larger positive wave than did violations of gender stereotypes. Furthermore, the positive wave elicited by stereotype violations persisted even when subjects judged these sentences to be acceptable. Finally, female subjects exhibited larger positivities than did male subjects, regardless of whether the gender mismatch involved a definitional or stereotypical antecedent. These results are taken to indicate that ERPs are sensitive to violations of gender-based occupational stereotypes and that the ERP response to stereotype violations is similar to the P600 effect elicited by a variety of syntactic anomalies.
238 citations
TL;DR: The authors found evidence for 3 processes that may contribute to this pattern: self-selection that is based on gender-linked differences in support for group inequality, hiring biases that are based on matching job applicants' group equality values with the hierarchy function of the job, and gender-stereotyped hiring biases.
Abstract: The authors present archival evidence that men disproportionately hold occupational roles that enhance group-based inequality and that women disproportionately hold roles that attenuate group-based inequality. The authors found evidence for 3 processes that may contribute to this pattern: self-selection that is based on gender-linked differences in support for group inequality (social dominance orientation), hiring biases that are based on matching job applicants' group equality values with the hierarchy function of the job, and gender-stereotyped hiring biases. These processes were found across a number of occupations and participant variables. The social systems nature of these processes and the implications of the results for theoretical understandings of gender roles, social inequality, and theories of stereotyping are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors examined whether a paper-and-pencil measure based on the Linguistic Intergroup Bias (LIB) could be used as an implicit indicator of prejudice and found that implicit and explicit measures of prejudice were largely uncorrelated.
TL;DR: This paper found evidence from a survey of New Zealand middle-class speakers that their stereotype of a lower-class female speaker includes potential sexual immorality, and that women use more prestige speech forms than men, and style-shift more dramatically than men.
Abstract: It is widely reported that women use more prestige speech forms than men, and style-shift more dramatically than men. This article puts forward the view that this behavior of women is not a matter of selfpromotion, but of avoidance. Evidence from a survey of New Zealand middle-class speakers shows that their stereotype of a lower-class female speaker includes potential sexual immorality. Because of society's double standard regarding men's and women's sexual behavior, the stereotype affects women more than men, and could be an explanation for middle-class women's use of prestige forms as a way of avoiding association with the lower-class stereotype. (Women's speech, social class, speech varieties, sex and language, stereotypes, New Zealand)*
TL;DR: Kunda and Thagard as mentioned in this paper show that stereotypes affect predictions about a person's trait-related behavior even after the stereotype's impact on the trait itself has been undermined by individuating information about that person.
Abstract: The same trait may imply different behaviors when applied to members of differently stereotyped groups. For example, these studies show that aggressive connotes physical violence when applied to a construction worker but verbal abuse when applied to a lawyer. Such stereotype-driven construals of traits can be more readily explained by a parallel-constraint-satisfaction model of impression formation (Z. Kunda & P. Thagard, 1996) than by more traditional models of representation commonly used by social psychologists. These studies show also that stereotypes affect predictions about a person's trait-related behavior even after the stereotype's impact on the trait itself has been undermined by individuating information about that person. The parallel-constraint-satisfaction model is better able to account for such a pattern than are earlier, serial models of stereotype use.
TL;DR: To examine the effects of negative majority-culture stereotypes of race on young African American children's intra-racial attitudes, elementary school-age children were asked to recall information embedded in stories that was either consistent or inconsistent with cultural stereotypes of lighter- versus darker-complexioned African Americans.
TL;DR: This article argued that the form and the voice of the female librarian is a function of a system of power and rationality that is not of her own making, drawing on the work of Michel Foucault and feminist thought.
Abstract: The stereotype of the female librarian is a common, well-defined, and easily recognized phenomenon in American popular culture. A large body of literature in librarianship reflects a deep professional concern over the negative effect of this stereotypical image. This essay, however, approaches the librarian stereotype as an element in a wider cultural text: that of the relationship between power, knowledge, and fear. Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault and feminist thought, the claim is developed that the form and the voice of the female librarian is a function of a system of power and rationality that is not of her own making.
TL;DR: A biosocial model is proposed that integrates data about nature and nurture to show how several biological factors tilt males and females in different directions related to sexual interest, and how numerous social factors influence the way the biological tilts can be redirected in countless different ways as individuals grow up in subsets of their culture and subculture.
Abstract: A common gender stereotype is that males are more interested than females in sex for purely physical reasons. Sociobiologists claim that this difference is biologically determined. In contrast, many sociologists and anthropologists claim that the difference is cultural. The debate about nature versus nurture regarding sexual interest has been long-standing without resolution. We propose a biosocial model that integrates data about nature and nurture to show (i) how several biological factors tilt males and females in different directions related to sexual interest, and (ii) how numerous social factors influence the way the biological tilts can be redirected in countless different ways as individuals grow up in subsets of their culture and subculture. This interactionist approach does not down-play the importance of either biological or social factors: It avoids nature-nurture debates that pit nature against nurture by showing how biological and social factors act in concert, combining their influences. The resulting work contributes to both the theoretical and practical literature, not only showing how sexology can deal with issues of nature and nurture but also providing information useful to people who are troubled about common gender differences in sexual interest.
TL;DR: In this paper, a total of 157 university students in Korea rated photos of other Korean students at three levels of attractiveness on dimensions included in meta-analyses of the physical attractiveness stereotype as shown in North America.
Abstract: A total of 157 university students in Korea rated photos of other Korean students at three levels of attractiveness on dimensions included in meta-analyses of the physical attractiveness stereotype as shown in North America. Consistent with predictions based on the greater tendency in collectivistic cultures to stress harmonious relationships, participants did not perceive attractive targets as higher in potency, as North American participants do, and did perceive attractive targets as higher in integrity and in concern for others, as North American participants do not. It is argued that all cultures stereotype on the basis of physical attractiveness but that the content of the stereotype depends on cultural values. An explanation for attractiveness stereotyping is offered that is applicable to any culture.
TL;DR: In this paper, Self-Estimates of Ability in Men and Women are presented. But the authors focus on self-confidence in men and women and do not discuss the role of gender in the self-estimation.
Abstract: (1997). Self-Estimates of Ability in Men and Women. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 137, No. 4, pp. 540-541.
TL;DR: Gay men recalled more intense early interest in dance compared to heterosexual men and women, and were more feminine as boys than were heterosexual men, and only one gay man felt that his dance experiences may have influenced his sexual orientation.
Abstract: The stereotypical professional male dancer is a gay man. However, little if any systematic research has investigated the validity of this stereotype, much less the reasons why male sexual orientation would be associated with interest in dance. We interviewed 136 professional dancers about the prevalence of homosexuality among dancers, the dancers' own sexual development, and relationships between dancers of different sexual orientations. Dancers estimated that over half of male dancers are gay, but that only a small minority of female dancers are lesbian. Gay men recalled more intense early interest in dance compared to heterosexual men and women, and were more feminine as boys than were heterosexual men. Gay men's homosexual feelings typically preceded their dance experience, and only one gay man felt that his dance experiences may have influenced his sexual orientation. Heterosexual men voiced some mild complaints about gay male dancers, but these were balanced by positive sentiments.
TL;DR: These diverse hypotheses were evaluated by providing undergraduates with narratives depicting mammalian behavior suggestive of jealousy or deception, and asking them to evaluate their degree of agreement or disagreement with particular psychological characterizations of the animal described.
Abstract: A perennial problem in the study of behavior has been the basis for anthropomorphic psychological terminology. Research has suggested that people use a nonhuman animal's perceived similarity to humans based on physical likeness, familiarity, phylogeny, and/or cultural stereotype to characterize it psychologically. One further hypothesis is that people use an animal's behavior-in-context to determine its psychological characterization. These diverse hypotheses were evaluated by providing undergraduates with narratives depicting mammalian (including human) behavior suggestive of jealousy or deception, and asking them to evaluate their degree of agreement or disagreement with particular psychological characterizations of the animal described. Narratives varied the species, the context in which a mammal's behavior occurred, and how strongly it was emphasized that the narrative was about a nonhuman (or human) organism. Species varied in their physical similarity, phylogenetic closeness or familiarity to humans, and/or cultural stereotype as human-like; behavior remained constant in all narratives. In general, variations in the context in which behavior occurred influenced psychological characterization, but variations in species and emphasis did not: psychological characterizations of all species were almost always similar. Nonscientists (and some scientists as well) apparently use a mammal's behavior-in-context (whether human or not) as evidence of its psychological nature, regardless of the mammal's physical similarity, familiarity, or phylogenetic closeness to humans, or the mammal's cultural stereotype; psychological terms are not used specifically for humans, but rather are depictive of behavior-in-context. Psychological terms set the stage for further investigation into an organism's psychological abilities; calling such terms 'anthropomorphic' inaccurately implies that they are extrapolated from human behavior, when they appear to be applicable to particular behavior-in-context, independent of the species behaving.
TL;DR: Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher & Wetherell as discussed by the authors explored the context dependence of national stereotypes and predicted that the Scottish self-stereotype would depend on the frame of reference created by the experimental manipulations.
Abstract: This study explores the context dependence of national stereotypes. Scottish subjects stereotyped their own national group in three between-subject conditions: after rating the English, after rating the Greeks, and in isolation (i.e. without explicit reference to any other category). Following the logic of self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher & Wetherell, 1987; Turner, Oakes, Haslam & McGarty, 1994), we predicted that the Scottish self-stereotype would depend on the frame of reference created by the experimental manipulations. Further we predicted that changes in the definition of this stereotype would be dimension specific. In other words, stereotype variation was predicted to be contingent upon the relevance of the dimension of judgment for capturing the differences between the Scottish and the category constituting the frame of reference. These predictions were confirmed. As these data were obtained in a context where quite specific predictions about the nature and form of stereotype variation were possible, these data confirm and extend Haslam, Turner, Oakes, McGarty & Hayes' (1992) analysis of the context dependence of stereotypes.
TL;DR: The authors investigated gendered stereotypes involving women's family size, employment, and occupation and found that women employed in gender-atypical occupations were considered less expressive and were socially distanced, but this factor did not interact with family size.
Abstract: The present study investigated gendered stereotypes involving women’s family size, employment, and occupation. Eleven ratings of targets’ social and personality characteristics were ascribed by 400 undergraduates to a hypothetical married woman described as voluntarily childfree or the mother of one, two, or eight children, and as nonemployed or employed either part or full time in either a gender-appropriate or gender-inappropriate occupation. Women employed in gender-atypical occupations were considered less expressive and were socially distanced, but this factor did not interact with family size. Two-children mothers were regarded favorably as was employment. Prior findings denigrating single-child mothers and glorifying eight-children mothers were not replicated—both groups were rated similar to normative, two-children mothers. Consistent with prior research, childfree women were evaluated least favorably. Findings suggest that norms regarding both family size (two children) and employment exist among contemporary college students.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of negative gender stereotypes on information processing about women political candidates have been investigated and found evidence of stereotype bias only in low and high complexity decision tasks, and the implications of these findings for women in electoral politics, as well as future research investigating the effect of gender stereotypes, are examined.
Abstract: Past studies investigating the effects of negative gender stereotypes on information processing about women political candidates have produced mixed results. Some studies find evidence of strong stereotypic biases against women candidates while other work fails to uncover such biases. One possible solution to these discrepant findings is the cognitive complexity of the decision task. Research from social psychology suggests that people may rely on stereotypic processing strategies only when cognitive demand is low. We conduct two experiments investigating the effects of gender stereotypes in low and high complexity decision tasks. We find evidence of stereotype bias only in the low complexity task. Implications of these findings for women in electoral politics, as well as future research investigating the effects of gender stereotypes, are examined.
TL;DR: In this paper, three main stereotypes of scientists working with the government and/or armed forces during World War II are identified and compared with fictional Boffins from other films, and the persistence of the stereotype is discussed.
Abstract: The period between 1945 and 1970 was critical for the public reputation of British science. It was also a golden age for British cinema. Feature films of this period are used in this paper as a tool for investigating the public image of the scientist. Three main stereotypes are identified, but one of these, which I have called `the Boffin' forms the main focus of the paper. `Boffins' are scientists working with the government and/or armed forces in wartime. An analysis of the portrayal of Barnes Wallis in The Dam Busters provides the main characteristics of the stereotype, and fictional Boffins from other films are compared with this. The origins of the stereotype are traced to the actual situation of scientists in the British war effort, and to class and cultural divisions in post-war Britain. The persistence of the stereotype is also discussed. The implications of this analysis for our understanding of public attitudes to scientists during this period are considered.
TL;DR: This article found that women reported ruminating more than did men, yet men and women were equally likely to report distraction, and they concluded that the discrepancies between stereotypes and self-reports for men as well as the increased rates of rumination among women correlated with depression.
Abstract: Response Style Theory [S. Nolen-Hoeksema (1987) “Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression: Evidence and Theory,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 101, pp. 259–282] suggests that, when depressed, women ruminate on their sad feelings while men distract themselves from theirs. We sought to examine this gender difference in more detail. In Study 1, 155 students provided stereotype ratings or self-reports of responses to depression. The stereotype ratings conformed precisely to Response Style Theory yet exaggerated self-reported gender differences, especially for men. In Study 2, 40 roommate pairs completed a similar set of ratings. Again, other-ratings conformed exactly to Response Style Theory's predictions while self-ratings showed a more moderated pattern. In both studies, women reported ruminating more than did men, yet men and women were equally likely to report distraction. We conclude by examining several hypotheses for the discrepancies between stereotypes and self-reports for men as well as the increased rates of rumination among women.
TL;DR: This article examined radio content and found patterns of bias in British radio commercials consistent with, though less marked than, those in television commercials, and found similar patterns obtain in another Western country's radio commercials collected approximately a decade later.
Abstract: Most previous research into gender role stereotypes in the mass media has concentrated on television or print. Only one content analysis (Furnham & Schofield, 1986) has examined radio content, finding patterns of bias in British radio commercials consistent with, though less marked than, those in television commercials. The present study sought to determine whether similar patterns obtain in another Western country’s radio commercials collected approximately a decade later. Over 100 Australian radio ads were content analyzed, and results very similar to those of the earlier study were obtained. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for studies of gender role development and audience reactions to media content.
TL;DR: The authors showed that pseudorelevant information (i.e., information nondiagnostic for the specific judgment bat diagnostic for many others) but not irrelevant information would lead to a stereotypical single judgment and dilute an initial stereotyped evaluation.
Abstract: Social judgeability theory holds that people rely on naive theories when forming impressions. One rule is that perceivers should not judge others on the sole basis of their stereotypes. They may, however, misattribute a category-based impression to the target information and fall prey to the illusion of being informed provided individuating evidence is present and the stereotype is not made salient. The authors suggest that such a misattribution process contributes to the dilution of stereotypes. Subjects rated a member of a stereotyped group either after or both before and after reception of target information. The authors predicted that pseudorelevant information (i.e., information nondiagnostic for the specific judgment bat diagnostic for many others) but not irrelevant information would lead to a stereotypical single judgment and dilute an initial stereotyped evaluation. Results confirmed the hypotheses and stress the role of implicit rules in social inference.
TL;DR: This paper found that participants who were instructed to suppress their use of stereotypes while forming impressions of an Asian woman who revealed stereotypical and non-stereotypical behaviors later recognized stereotypical behaviors significantly more accurately than nonstereotype behaviors.
Abstract: In attempting to inhibit their stereotypes, suppressors may direct greater attention toward the very behaviors whose influence they seek to avoid. In an empirical demonstration of this effect, some participants were instructed to suppress their use of stereotypes while forming impressions of an Asian woman who revealed stereotypical and nonstereotypical behaviors. Unlike a control group who merely formed impressions, these suppressors later recognized stereotypical behaviors significantly more accurately than nonstereotypical behaviors. Because memory was assessed with a recognition measure, these findings minimize the possibility that the results were due to differential reliance on stereotype-based retrieval cues by suppressors and non-suppressors. These findings have important implications for people's ability to successfully avoid stereotyping others.