Showing papers on "Vertical plane published in 1998"

Shallow‐water flow solver with non‐hydrostatic pressure: 2D vertical plane problems

Abstract: A numerical solution for shallow-water flow is developed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations without the conventional assumption of hydrostatic pressure. Instead, the non-hydrostatic pressure component may be added in regions where its influence is significant, notably where bed slope is not small and separation in a vertical plane may occur or where the free-surface slope is not small. The equations are solved in the σ-co-ordinate system with semi-implicit time stepping and the eddy viscosity is calculated using the standard k–ϵ turbulence model. Conventionally, boundary conditions at the bed for shallow-water models only include vertical diffusion terms using wall functions, but here they are extended to include horizontal diffusion terms which can be significant when bed slope is not small. This is consistent with the inclusion of non-hydrostatic pressure. The model is applied to the 2D vertical plane flow of a current over a trench for which experimental data and other numerical results are available for comparison. Computations with and without non-hydrostatic pressure are compared for the same trench and for trenches with smaller side slopes, to test the range of validity of the conventional hydrostatic pressure assumption. The model is then applied to flow over a 2D mound and again the slope of the mound is reduced to assess the validity of the hydrostatic pressure assumption. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cleavage planes in frog eggs are altered by strong magnetic fields

Abstract: Early cleavages of Xenopus embryos were oriented in strong, static magnetic fields. Third-cleavage planes, normally horizontal, were seen to orient to a vertical plane parallel with a vertical magnetic field. Second cleavages, normally vertical, could also be oriented by applying a horizontal magnetic field. We argue that these changes in cleavage-furrow geometries result from changes in the orientation of the mitotic apparatus. We hypothesize that the magnetic field acts directly on the microtubules of the mitotic apparatus. Considerations of the length of the astral microtubules, their diamagnetic anisotropy, and flexural rigidity predict the required field strength for an effect that agrees with the data. This observation provides a clear example of a static magnetic-field effect on a fundamental cellular process, cell division.

Control of microstrip antenna radiation characteristics by ground plane size and shape

Abstract: The effects of various physical and electrical parameters of circular microstrip patch antennas on their radiation characteristics are investigated. These parameters include the ground plane size, substrate permittivity, ground plane and substrate thicknesses and the ground plane shape. The investigation is carried out for the first four modes. A numerical method based on the moment methods is utilised which computes surface currents on the conductors and field distributions on the dielectric substrate. To avoid excessive computation, circular patch and ground planes are selected to allow the use of moment method for bodies of revolution. Initially, a circular patch with a finite ground plane is studied. The ground plane is then deformed, above and below the substrate, to increase the gain or shape the radiation patterns. It is shown that the ground plane effects are significant and a wide range of radiation pattern shapes can be generated.

Postitioning system using infrared radiation

Abstract: A positioning controller having a receiving side for receiving light from a light source is disclosed. The receiving side includes an axis extending perpendicularly therefrom, and a vertical plane and a horizontal plane intersecting at the axis. The positioning controller includes three sensors. The reference sensor is positioned between the other two sensors, and is masked to receive light within a predetermined range of acute angles measured from the axis. One of the other two sensors is a vertical angle sensor that is masked to receive a larger quantity of light from a first side of the horizontal plane and from a second side of the horizontal plane. The third sensor is a horizontal angle sensor that is masked to receive a larger quantity of light from a first side of the vertical plane than from a second side of the vertical plane. The positioning controller further includes circuitry for determining an orientation of the positioning controller using the amounts of light received by the reference sensor, the vertical angle sensor, and the horizontal angle sensor.

A vertical connector based packaging solution for integrated circuits

Abstract: An assembly featuring a substrate (940) and a plurality of components (900). The plurality of components are packaged to be connected in a vertical orientation to the substrate. These components include (i) a vertical chip scale package (CSP), (ii) an integrated circuit die (930) and (iii) an interconnect (950). Including a plurality of connection leads, the vertical CSP contains the die which is generally situated along a vertical plane. The interconnect, capable of transferring information between the plurality of connection leads and the integrated circuit die, includes a first segment generally perpendicular to the vertical plane and connected to at least one connection lead. The interconnect further includes a second segment generally in parallel to the vertical plane and connected to the integrated circuit die.

Lateral, full-3D and vertical plane propagation in microcells and small cells

Abstract: When the height of the transmitter is close to building heights, over-rooftop contributions, i.e. full-3D rays or rays in the vertical plane, become relevant in propagation. Full-3D propagation, vertical plane propagation and lateral propagation are compared, both mutually and against measurements in Munich (Germany) and Rosslyn (VA, USA). To perform our study we made use of a full-3D ray tracing tool. In addition, a deterministic vertical plane prediction model was implemented based on a literature review of published models. In Munich, which has a regular mixture of building heights with virtually no high rise buildings, our deterministic vertical plane model was found to be accurate in predicting the average measured power for receivers far from the transmitter. Deterministic models require, in general, less calibration with measurements than empirical models. The wedge representation of buildings in the vertical plane was found to give better agreement with measurements than the classical knife-edge representation.

Seismic signal processing and exploration

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the exploration of hydrocarbons by obtaining a set of seismic signal traces distributed over a pre-determined three-dimensional volume of the earth and using a computer to: divide the three-dimensional volume into a plurality of vertically stacked and generally spaced apart horizontal slices; divide each of the slices into a plurality of cells having portions of at least three seismic traces located therein; measure the cross-correlation between one pair of traces lying in one vertical plane to obtain an in-line value and the cross-correlation between another pair of traces lying in another vertical plane to obtain a cross-line value; and combine the in-line value and the cross-line value to obtain one coherency value for each of the cells; and display the coherency values.

Gravity-driven creeping flow of two adjacent layers through a channel and down a plane wall

Abstract: We study the stability of the interface between (a) two adjacent viscous layers flowing due to gravity through an inclined or vertical channel that is confined between two parallel plane walls, and (b) two superimposed liquid films flowing down an inclined or vertical plane wall, in the limit of Stokes flow. In the case of channel flow, linear stability analysis predicts that, when the fluids are stably stratified, the flow is neutrally stable when the surface tension vanishes and the channel is vertical, and stable otherwise. This behaviour contrasts with that of the gravity-driven flow of two superimposed films flowing down an inclined plane, where an instability has been identified when the viscosity of the fluid next to the plane is less than that of the top fluid, even in the absence of fluid inertia. We investigate the nonlinear stages of the motion subject to finite-amplitude two-dimensional perturbations by numerical simulations based on boundary-integral methods. In both cases of channel and film flow, the mathematical formulation results in integral equations for the unknown interface and free-surface velocity. The properties of the integral equation for multi-film flow are investigated with reference to the feasibility of computing a solution by the method of successive substitutions, and a deflation strategy that allows an iterative procedure is developed. In the case of channel flow, the numerical simulations show that disturbances of sufficiently large amplitude may cause permanent deformation in which the interface folds or develops elongated fingers. The ratio of the viscosities and densities of the two fluids plays an important role in determining the morphology of the emerging interfacial patterns. Comparing the numerical results with the predictions of a model based on the lubrication approximation shows that the simplified approach can only describe a limited range of motions. In the case of film flow down an inclined plane, we develop a method for extracting the properties of the normal modes, including the ratio of the amplitudes of the free-surface and interfacial waves and their relative phase lag, from the results of a numerical simulation for small deformations. The numerical procedure employs an adaptation of Prony's method for fitting a signal described by a time series to a sum of complex exponentials; in the present case, the signal is identified with the cosine or sine Fourier coefficients of the interface and free-surface waves. Numerical simulations of the nonlinear motion confirm that the deformability of the free surface is necessary for the growth of small-amplitude perturbations, and show that the morphology of the interfacial patterns developing subject to finite-amplitude perturbations is qualitatively similar to that for channel flow.

Method and apparatus for measurement of surface shape of thin plate

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a method and an apparatus in which the surface shape of a thin plate can be measured with high accuracy by a method wherein the distance between one face and the other face of the sheet is measured by a first measuring means and a second measuring means which support the sheet so as to be freely rotatable inside the same plane and which are moved in parallel with the plane. SOLUTION: For example, a support means 19 which supports a sheet 17 such as a silicon wafer in one vertical plane and measuring means 37, 41 such as noncontact laser displacement meters or the like which can be moved along guide shafts 29, 39 which are parallel to the vertical face and which are parallel to each other are provided at a surface-shape measuring apparatus for the sheet 17. Then, the measuring means 37, 41 which use, e.g. a block member 55 are aligned on the same axial line. While the sheet 17 is being turned, the measuring means 37, 41 are moved respectively independently along the guide shafts 29, 31, and the surface shape on both faces of the sheet 17 and its thickness are measured. As required, the sheet 17 is moved up and down. Thereby, the surface shape of a measuring face can be measured independently without being affected by the shape or the like of the other face, and it can be measured with high accuracy. COPYRIGHT: (C)1999,JPO

Suspension assembly for automotive engine

Abstract: In a suspension assembly for an automotive engine of a front-engine/front-drive vehicle and for supporting the engine to a frame by an engine mount, an arrangement position of the engine mount in the vehicle is in the range between a vertical plane including an inertia main axis in a rolling direction of the engine and a vertical plane including a centerline of a drive shaft. Then, the vertical plane including the inertia main shaft is not included in the range and the vertical plane including the centerline of the drive shaft is included in the range. Thus, the arrangement position of the engine mount may be set in consideration of all of the idle vibration property, the drivability and the degree of freedom of design.

Optimization of configuration of autonomous underwater vehicle for inspection of underwater cables

Abstract: Deals with the configuration of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) for inspection of underwater cables considering low hydrodynamic drag, sensor alignment, collision avoidance manoeuvre, turning manoeuvre and rolling motion. The AUV consists of a fuselage of body of revolution with low hydrodynamic drag, fore and aft horizontal wings, upper and lower vertical tails and a pair of horizontal thrusters at both sides of the aft horizontal wings. The shape of the forward horizontal wing and that of the rear horizontal wing can be determined by use of a nonlinear optimization method under the constraints of magnetic sensor alignment for cable tracking, dynamic stability in the vertical plane and the performance of the collision avoidance manoeuvre. The performance of the turning manoeuvre and rolling motion are attributed to thrust force difference between a pair of thrusters at both sides of the rear horizontal wing, because the shapes of the upper and lower vertical tails can be designed from the viewpoint of the dynamic stability in horizontal plane.

Method of determining fluid level and interface in a closed vessel

Abstract: A process and apparatus for determining the levels in a vessel of two or more immiscible or partially-miscible components has been developed. The process begins with transmitting gamma rays, x-rays, microwaves, ultrasound waves, or sonar waves through the vessel by sequentially activating at least three stationary energy sources positioned adjacent to and in the vertical plane of the vessel. A set of intensities of the energy exiting the vessel corresponding to each energy source is measured using an array of stationary sensors where each set contains the intensity sensed by each sensor in the array of sensors. The sensors of the array are positioned in the vertical plane of the vessel and in alignment with the energy penetrating the vessel. The array of sensors contains a number of sensors that is at least one greater than the number of energy sources. The sets of intensities sensed by the array are recorded and an algorithm selected from the group consisting of partial least squares with latent variables, multiple linear regression, principal component regression, and neural networks is applied to the aggregate of the recorded sets to determine the levels of the components.

Oscillating vertical plane turbulent jet in shallow water

Abstract: The results of a laboratory investigation on the behaviour of plane turbulent jets discharging vertically upwards into a stagnant shallow water body have shown that for any depth H in terms of the half width b 0 of the nozzle, the jet could be in an oscillating mode if the velocity at the nozzle U 0 is greater than a critical value of [0.009(Hlb 0) + 0.357] √gH where g is the acceleration due to gravity. When the jet is oscillating, the frequency of oscillation ƒ is equal to 0.18 √g/H. An earlier study on vertical circular jets in shallow water did not find such an oscillating flow pattern.

The mechanism of surface wave suppression in film flow down a vertical plane

Abstract: The equation relating the average rate of change of disturbance kinetic energy to the rates of work done by the surface tension, the shear stress, the Reynolds stress, and the rate of mechanical energy dissipation through viscosity in a falling liquid film flow down an oscillating vertical plate is obtained. Each term in the equation is evaluated in various regions of parameter space to elucidate the physical mechanism of stabilizing an inherently unstable vertical film flow by use of plate oscillations [Lin, Chen, and Woods, Phys. Fluids 8, 3247 (1996); Lin and Chen, Phys. Fluids 9, 3926 (1997)].

Lighting system at rear part of motorcycles

Abstract: A lighting system at a rear part (3) of a motorcycle having at least one of a rear clearance light, a main brake light and a numberplate light contained in a vertical central plane of a rear wheel, and rear direction lights situated symmetrically to the central vertical plane. Additional brake lights (8.1 and 8.2) are electrically connected with the main brake light (5) and arranged generally symmetrically to the central vertical plane of the rear wheel (6) at the rear part (3) of the motorcycle (1).

The mechanism of surface wave suppression in film flow down a vertical plane

Abstract: The equation relating the average rate of change of disturbance kinetic energy to the rates of work done by the surface tension, the shear stress, the Reynolds stress, and the rate of mechanical energy dissipation through viscosity in a falling liquid film flow down an oscillating vertical plate is obtained. Each term in the equation is evaluated in various regions of parameter space to elucidate the physical mechanism of stabilizing an inherently unstable vertical film flow by use of plate oscillations [Lin, Chen, and Woods, Phys. Fluids 8, 3247 (1996); Lin and Chen, Phys. Fluids 9, 3926 (1997)].

Optical pattern producing system

Abstract: There is disclosed a system that produces patterns or images from a light beam by a series of reflections off of multiple mirrors, these mirrors rotated by motors. The mirrors are positioned with respect to each other and offset at a predetermined angle from a plane perpendicular with respect to the transverse vertical plane extending axially through the respective motors. This positioning creates a path of travel for the light beam that crosses over on itself at least once, allowing for the maximum number of patterns to be produced from a maximum number of mirrors, that are all preferably substantially uniform in their diameter (largest transverse dimension).

Curtain wall construction

Abstract: The facade comprises a support structure (1), horizontal or vertical profiled sections (2), facade plates (3) and plate holders (4). The plate holders are mounted central relative to the vertical gaps (10,11) between the facade plates and are designed to engage by one or more tongues (7-9) into the vertical gaps. The centre axes of the tongues are set in the same vertical plane seen from the front of the facade. One or more tongues can engage in one or more swages (15,16) of vertical gap sections (17,18) which fit in the gaps.

Pendulum line level

Abstract: A pendulum line level is presented which makes reading the level easier and which allows a workman to utilize a level that is calibrated in degrees. The level is essentially rectangular and has two rotating dials in the body of the level. These dials rotate freely about a pivot point. Each disc has a pair of horizontal and vertical, perpendicular pointers which are used to determine when the level is in horizontal alignment with the ground. A calibrated scale located just outside the upper left quadrant of the left disc and just outside the lower right quadrant of the right disc allows the workman to read discreet angles of orientation. A second embodiment of the device has a gate with another pair of dials which swings perpendicular to the main body of the pendulum level. This second set of perpendicular dials allows the workman to determine when the main body of the level is in a vertical plane and to determine at which angle the main body of the level may be oriented.

Method for manufacturing a side rail for a vehicle frame assembly

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a side rail in a vehicle frame assembly includes the initial step of roll forming flat stock to form a side rail having a C-shaped cross section defined by an upper flange corresponding to the top open side of the C-shape, a lower flange corresponding to the bottom or opposite open side of the C-shape, and a web corresponding to the back of the C shape and connecting the upper flange and the lower flange. The terminal edges of the upper flange and the lower flange define an edge plane that extends generally parallel to a vertical plane defined by the web. A portion of the lower flange is then stamped in a direction parallel to the vertical plane to form a kick-up in portion in the lower flange. The edge plane defined by the edges of the upper and lower flanges in the kick-up portion does not extend at the predetermined relationship relative to the plane defined by the web. Then, a portion of the lower flange in the kick-up portion is removed, such as by trimming with a cutting torch, such that the edge plane defined by the edges of the upper and lower flanges in the kick-up portion again extends at the predetermined relationship relative to the plane defined by the web.

The effects of attenuation of frequency segments on binaural localization of sound

Abstract: Perceived location of tonal stimuli d narrow noise bands presented in two-dimensional space varies in an orderly manner with changes in stimulus frequency. Hence, frequency has a referent in space that is most apparent during monaural listening. The assumption underlying the present study is that maximum sound pressure level measured at the ear canal entrance for the various frequencies serves as a prominent spectral cue for their spatial referents. Even in binaural localization, location judgments in the vertical plane are strongly influenced by spatial referents. We measured sound pressure levels at the left ear canal entrance for 1.0-kHz-wide noise bands, centered from 4.0 kHz through 10.0 kHz, presented at locations from 60° through −45° in the vertical plane; the horizontal plane coordinate was fixed at −90°. On the basis of these measurements, we fabricated three different band-stop stimuli in which differently centered 2.0-kHz-wide frequency segments were filtered from a broadband noise. Unfiltered broadband noise served as the remaining stimulus. Localization accuracy differed significantly among stimulus conditions (p<.01). Where in the vertical plane most errors were made depended on which frequency segment was filtered from the broadband noise.

Pendulous spraying gallery for correcting for inclined ground

Abstract: The pendulous spraying gallery consists of a chassis (2), on to which is suspended a spraying gallery (5) and the device, which is designed to correct for the inclination of the ground. This correction device consists of a method of allowing the application to, at least two, separate points on the ramp of at least two forces, which are directed to pivot the gallery, in its vertical plane, so as to overcome its rotational inertia in this plane and to reduce the corresponding displacements of its centre of gravity (6).

Discrete-mode source development and testing for new seismo-acoustic sonar

Abstract: : A seismo-acoustic sonar concept that uses guided interface waves (Rayleigh or Scholte) is being developed to detect buried ordnance in the sea floor and beach sediments. This thesis describes the initial research conducted into the design, construction, and field testing of possible seismic sources that excite preferentially the interface waves desired for use in such a system. The theory of elasticity shows that seismic interface waves have elliptical particle velocity orbits in the vertical plane along the path of propagation. It was therefore decided that to selectively excite the desired interface waves, a harmonic source employed at the interface must induce elliptical particle motion in this plane. Several exploratory sources were developed to produce this type of excitation. Field tests of the discrete-mode sources developed were conducted to evaluate this hypothesis, but due to the non-optimum nature of the experimental sources, perfect discrete source excitation was not obtained. However, it was found that the medium itself acted as a selective filter for the interface waves after a few tens of meters of propagation. The experimental results obtained here suggest that the basic concept of discrete-mode excitation looks promising.

Tine for mounting on soil-working implement

Abstract: A tine for mounting on an agricultural soil-working implement includes a mounting portion at the upper end of the tine for mounting the tine in cantilever manner on a frame portion of the implement. A shank portion projects downwardly from the mounting portion to a lower end. A tine point is mounted on the lower end of the shank portion. The tine point comprises a cutting blade extending generally in a vertical plane and has a leading edge and a trailing edge. The leading edge is adapted to cut a slit in the ground during forward travel of the implement. The cutting blade has first and second laterally projecting wing formations formed on the trailing edge. The first wing formation extends to a first side of the cutting blade and is operative to widen the slit formed by the leading edge. The second wing formation extends to a second opposite side of the cutting blade and is secured to the shank portion.

Environmental analyzer for electric wave

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To combine arrival angles of a vertical plane and an azimuth plane and delay time to estimate them simultaneously. SOLUTION: A signal that has been PSK-modulated by PN code sequence is transmitted from a transmitter 1. This signal is received by each element of flat array antennas 15 of a receiver 2 to be converted by Fourier transform and is normalized with the same spectrum as the signal outputted by the transmitter 1 to calculate a co-variance-covariance matrix. Arrival vertical angles and an azimuth angle of an incident signal are combined to be estimated by the 2D-MUSIC method or the 2D-Unitary ESPRIT method. One incident signal that has the estimated arrival vertical angles and the azimuth angle is stored. A weight to suppress the other incident signals is calculated and the co-variance- covariance matrix is calculated after a sum of products with a group of normalized signals is calculated. Delay time and relative electric power are estimated by the MUSIC method and the ESPRIT method.

The investigation of an unstable convective flow using optical methods

Abstract: The convective flow field in a vessel is investigated by laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV, namely Particle Tracking Velocimetry—PTV). The vessel is heated from below along a linear element at a temperature higher than that of the fluid. Hot fluid raises up and generates two counterrotating vortices. For a given aspect ratio, the two vortices become unstable and start to oscillate on a vertical plane (orthogonal to the heating element). This regime is investigated for increasing Rayleigh numbers to analyze the transition from regular to irregular conditions. The main transition mechanism is observed to be mostly connected to type II intermittency, a mechanism not frequently observed in experiments. However, at some Rayleigh numbers the present data does not definitely rule out type III intermittency. The phenomenon is analyzed by looking at the main frequencies in the spectrum of the horizontal velocity component and their changes with the Rayleigh number at a point above the heating element. Modifications in the local energy spectrum are analyzed by using the Wavelet Transform (WT) tool. Data obtained by PTV measurements make it possible to point out the spatial configuration of the flow and to determine the two velocity components on the measurement plane. These data are used to clarify the fundamental mechanisms of the transition. Instabilities are observed as sudden changes between two regimes of oscillations of the two counterrotating vortices: the first is characterized by oscillations centered on the vertical axis and the second by nonsymmetrical oscillations.

Side-viewing mirror unit for motor vehicles

Abstract: A side-viewing mirror 2 for a vehicle 1 comprises one or more, plane or convex, mirror surfaces arranged in the vertical plane with the reflective surfaces 9,10 facing sideways at angles of about 45{ to allow the driver sideways viewing of approaching traffic 8 when entering a road 14 from a place with restricted sideways view. The mirror may be angularly adjusted, manually or remotely, and may retract into a recess. An aerodynamically shaped cover 11 may be provided.

Apparatus for machining vertical panels

Abstract: Apparatus for machining vertical panels comprises a frame (10) for supporting a panel in a substantially vertical plane, a tool mount (22), and a mechanism (14, 18, 20) supporting the tool mount (22) for movement in two directions over the panel plane, the tool mount (22) having an axis (24) along which a tool on the mount can be moved towards and away from the panel plane and about which the tool can be rotated to change its orientation relative to the panel plane.