다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Information Theory and Reliable Communication

Random number generators in digital information systems make use of physical entropy sources such as electronic and photonic noise to add unpredictability to deterministically generated pseudo-random sequences1,2. However, there is a large gap between the generation rates achieved with existing physical sources and the high data rates of many computation and communication systems; this is a fundamental weakness of these systems. Here we show that good quality random bit sequences can be generated at very fast bit rates using physical chaos in semiconductor lasers. Streams of bits that pass standard statistical tests for randomness have been generated at rates of up to 1.7 Gbps by sampling the fluctuating optical output of two chaotic lasers. This rate is an order of magnitude faster than that of previously reported devices for physical random bit generators with verified randomness. This means that the performance of random number generators can be greatly improved by using chaotic laser devices as physical entropy sources. Random-number generators are important in digital information systems. However, the speed at which current sources operate is much slower than the typical data rates used in communication and computing. Chaos in semiconductor lasers might help to bridge the gap.

Fast physical random bit generation with chaotic semiconductor lasers

The power consumed by a circuit varies according to the activity of its individual transistors and other components As a result, measurements of the power used by actual computers or microchips contain information about the operations being performed and the data being processed Cryptographic designs have traditionally assumed that secrets are manipulated in environments that expose no information beyond the specified inputs and outputs This paper examines how information leaked through power consumption and other side channels can be analyzed to extract secret keys from a wide range of devices The attacks are practical, non-invasive, and highly effective—even against complex and noisy systems where cryptographic computations account for only a small fraction of the overall power consumption We also introduce approaches for preventing DPA attacks and for building cryptosystems that remain secure even when implemented in hardware that leaks

/pdf/introduction-to-differential-power-analysis-3gzgydg5a4.pdf

Introduction to differential power analysis

Analogue IC Design: the Current Mode Approach

New technological developments such as IoT, Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain are leading our “Data-driven society”, where data generated by physical devices are shared across multiple platforms to improve everyday services. This unique technological evolution also corresponds to new cybersecurity and data-protection risks and challenges as well as computational limitations, which could ultimately impact users’ experience, safety and privacy. The development of products and infrastructure offering long-term security guarantees and stronger computational capabilities is a global priority. Near-term, quantum technologies provide a radically new toolset to realize stronger encryption systems as well as improved randomized algorithms. One such technology is the development of a reliable high-speed and scalable quantum random number generator. In this article, a System in Package (SiP) integration and packaging process is analyzed to bring this component into the low cost and high-volume arena. The proposed SiP solution, combined with existing surface mount technology, offers numerous benefits, such as scalability, smaller physical size, less parasitic effects and lower cost. We will discuss component performance, with insights on interconnect lengths, the shielding effect and the impact of the encapsulants.

Integrated high-speed quantum random number generators for mobile, IOT, and edge applications

A novel topology for an active balun which allows a differential gain 6 dB higher than a single differential pair is proposed A transimpedance amplifier for 10 Gbit/s receivers has been designed based on this topology, which shows a transimpedance gain of 625 dBΩ and an input impedance of 150 Ω © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27: 257–259, 2000

Design of a transimpedance amplifier for 10 Gbit/s optical receivers with a new topology of active balun

A novel circuit topology that provides wideband single-ended to differential conversion is presented. The proposed circuit exploits a negative feedback loop to generate a second input signal for a differential pair, thus obtaining 6 dB extra conversion gain and higher CMRR with respect to a simple differential pair driven single-ended. A signal and noise model for the circuit is proposed, based on admittance parameters and the use of a novel analysis technique to open the feedback loop while maintaining closed loop loading effects. The model is exploited to derive design guidelines in bipolar and MOS technologies. Measurements on a test chip in STMicroelectronics BiCMOS7 technology are reported to compare the performance of the proposed topology and of a simple differential pair used as single-ended to differential converter.

A wideband high-CMRR single-ended to differential converter

A new statistical nonlinear model of GaAs FET MMICs which allows the representation of distance-dependent technological parameter variations by means of equivalent circuit parameters, and an automatic extraction procedure, are presented. The capability to reproduce statistical distribution has been successfully checked on S parameters at different distances in the 1–50 GHz frequency range. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 13, 348–356, 2003.

A new procedure for nonlinear statistical model extraction of GaAs FET-integrated circuits

A technique for the digital background calibration of subsampling time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters is proposed. The technique corrects the errors due to gain, offset and timing mismatches among the time-interleaved channels by estimating and nulling the errors with respect to a reference channel through least mean squares loops. Wideband undersampled differentiator filters are exploited thus enabling digital background calibration of timing skews even with wideband input signals outside the first Nyquist band.

Alessandro Trifiletti

Papers

Integrated high-speed quantum random number generators for mobile, IOT, and edge applications

Design of a transimpedance amplifier for 10 Gbit/s optical receivers with a new topology of active balun

A wideband high-CMRR single-ended to differential converter

A new procedure for nonlinear statistical model extraction of GaAs FET-integrated circuits

Digital background calibration of subsampling time-interleaved ADCs