抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review

The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that, in addition to providing for aquatic gas exchange, plays dominant roles in osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous wastes Thus, despite the fact that all fish groups have functional kidneys, the gill epithelium is the site of many processes that are mediated by renal epithelia in terrestrial vertebrates Indeed, many of the pathways that mediate these processes in mammalian renal epithelial are expressed in the gill, and many of the extrinsic and intrinsic modulators of these processes are also found in fish endocrine tissues and the gill itself The basic patterns of gill physiology were outlined over a half century ago, but modern immunological and molecular techniques are bringing new insights into this complicated system Nevertheless, substantial questions about the evolution of these mechanisms and control remain

https://people.clas.ufl.edu/devans/files/PRVGill.pdf

The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste

Nature And Properties Of Soils

Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver which are in the range of 1 and 100 nm in size. Silver nanoparticles have unique properties which help in molecular diagnostics, in therapies, as well as in devices that are used in several medical procedures. The major methods used for silver nanoparticle synthesis are the physical and chemical methods. The problem with the chemical and physical methods is that the synthesis is expensive and can also have toxic substances absorbed onto them. To overcome this, the biological method provides a feasible alternative. The major biological systems involved in this are bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts. The major applications of silver nanoparticles in the medical field include diagnostic applications and therapeutic applications. In most of the therapeutic applications, it is the antimicrobial property that is being majorly explored, though the anti-inflammatory property has its fair share of applications. Though silver nanoparticles are rampantly used in many medical procedures and devices as well as in various biological fields, they have their drawbacks due to nanotoxicity. This review provides a comprehensive view on the mechanism of action, production, applications in the medical field, and the health and environmental concerns that are allegedly caused due to these nanoparticles. The focus is on effective and efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles while exploring their various prospective applications besides trying to understand the current scenario in the debates on the toxicity concerns these nanoparticles pose.

/pdf/silver-nanoparticles-mechanism-of-antimicrobial-action-3x1asgjbb2.pdf

Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of copper compounds (E4) as feed additives for all animal species (cupric acetate, monohydrate; basic cupric carbonate, monohydrate; cupric chloride, dihydrate; cupric oxide; cupric sulphate, pentahydrate;cupric chelate of amino acids, hydrate; cupric chelate of glycine, hydrate), based on a dossier submitted by FEFANA asbl

Aquatic animals are often simultaneously exposed to metals through multiple routes in the natural environment. This study explored a triple stable isotope tracing method to quantify simultaneous cadmium (Cd) uptake biokinetics by yellow stripe goby from water (traced by 110Cd), sediment (traced by 111Cd), and diet (traced by 113Cd) when the fish were exposed to Cd for 24 h. The simultaneous uptake of Cd from multiple routes during 4 weeks was then predicted by the modified biokinetic model. The results demonstrated that the uptake rate constant of waterborne 110Cd, sediment-associated 111Cd, and dietary 113Cd was 3.1 L kg–1 d–1, 2.2 × 10–4 g g–1 d–1, and 3.3 × 10–3 g g–1 d–1 in the fish. Sedimentary Cd was less bioavailable than the waterborne and dietary Cd; however, sediment could become the predominant Cd source of the total Cd bioaccumulation when the partition coefficient of Cd between sediment and seawater (Kd) is larger than 6 × 104 L kg–1. The simultaneous uptake of Cd from the three routes could ...

/pdf/biokinetic-modeling-of-cd-bioaccumulation-from-water-diet-4jomrzn7xw.pdf

Biokinetic Modeling of Cd Bioaccumulation from Water, Diet and Sediment in a Marine Benthic Goby: A Triple Stable Isotope Tracing Technique.

Comparison of polarography and radioimmunoassay for the quantification of metallothionein in perch (perca fluviatilis)

https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1759

Human risk assessment of multiple chemicals using component‐based approaches: A horizontal perspective

SUMMARY Following a request from the European Commission, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the compatibility of the microbial product BioPlus 2B (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) with lasalocid sodium. A 42-day trial on 300 one-day-old male turkeys was performed. For the trial, the birds were divided into control and treatment groups of 150 animals each. Both groups received a standard of 1.3 x 10 9 CFU kg -1 as confirmed by microbiological analysis. The test group received also lasalocid sodium at the maximum recommended level (125 mg active substance kg -1 feed). During the trial the birds were followed for zootechnical parameters and for morbidity and mortality. At the end of the trial, the caecal Bacillus counts were recorded from 15 birds per treatment group. No differences in the mortality or morbidity between the groups were observed during the trial. The results indicate a significant improvement in average weight gain and the feed conversion ratio of the birds in the lasalocid sodium group. Therefore, no signs of incompatibility of both strains composing BioPlus 2B with lasalocid sodium at the authorised level have been observed, which allows concluding to the compatibility of both products. This conclusion could be applied to either strain used individually.

Compatibility of the microbial product BioPlus 2B (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) with lasalocid sodium 1 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed

Christer Hogstrand

Papers

Biokinetic Modeling of Cd Bioaccumulation from Water, Diet and Sediment in a Marine Benthic Goby: A Triple Stable Isotope Tracing Technique.

Comparison of polarography and radioimmunoassay for the quantification of metallothionein in perch (perca fluviatilis)

Human risk assessment of multiple chemicals using component‐based approaches: A horizontal perspective

Compatibility of the microbial product BioPlus 2B (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) with lasalocid sodium 1 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed