Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, which originate from the endosomal system or which are shed from the plasma membrane, respectively They are present in biological fluids and are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern extracellular vesicle biology is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis However, in this expanding field, much remains unknown regarding the origin, biogenesis, secretion, targeting and fate of these vesicles

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Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles.

The lithium metal battery is strongly considered to be one of the most promising candidates for high-energy-density energy storage devices in our modern and technology-based society. However, uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth induces poor cycling efficiency and severe safety concerns, dragging lithium metal batteries out of practical applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth. First, the working principles and technical challenges of a lithium metal anode are underscored. Specific attention is paid to the mechanistic understandings and quantitative models for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium dendrite nucleation, and growth. On the basis of previous theoretical understanding and analysis, recently proposed strategies to suppress dendrite growth of lithium metal anode and some other metal anodes are reviewed. A section dedicated to the potential of full-cell lithium metal batteries for practical applicatio...

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review.

Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocat...

Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

Nitrogen (N)-doped carbon materials exhibit high electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is essential for several renewable energy systems. However, the ORR active site (or sites) is unclear, which retards further developments of high-performance catalysts. Here, we characterized the ORR active site by using newly designed graphite (highly oriented pyrolitic graphite) model catalysts with well-defined π conjugation and well-controlled doping of N species. The ORR active site is created by pyridinic N. Carbon dioxide adsorption experiments indicated that pyridinic N also creates Lewis basic sites. The specific activities per pyridinic N in the HOPG model catalysts are comparable with those of N-doped graphene powder catalysts. Thus, the ORR active sites in N-doped carbon materials are carbon atoms with Lewis basicity next to pyridinic N.

Active sites of nitrogen-doped carbon materials for oxygen reduction reaction clarified using model catalysts

The recent advances in electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are thoroughly reviewed. This comprehensive Review focuses on the low- and non-platinum electrocatalysts including advanced platinum alloys, core–shell structures, palladium-based catalysts, metal oxides and chalcogenides, carbon-based non-noble metal catalysts, and metal-free catalysts. The recent development of ORR electrocatalysts with novel structures and compositions is highlighted. The understandings of the correlation between the activity and the shape, size, composition, and synthesis method are summarized. For the carbon-based materials, their performance and stability in fuel cells and comparisons with those of platinum are documented. The research directions as well as perspectives on the further development of more active and less expensive electrocatalysts are provided.

http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-77094/1/acs.chemrev.5b00462_withlink.pdf

Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

RSA: Reducing Semantic Shift from Aggressive Augmentations for Self-supervised Learning

An MYB transcription factor (AtMYB305) of Arabidopsis was structurally characterized. The biochemical activity of the protein was tested and its in vivo function was preliminarily analyzed. AtMYB305 contains two imperfect repeats (R2, R3) in its DNA binding domain. Gel mobility shift assay demonstrated that GST-AtMYB305 fusion protein bound specifically to the DNA fragment that included a consensus MYB recognition sequence (TAACTG). Overexpression of AtMYB305 in the fission yeast caused the formation of elongated cells with one condensed nucleus. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that AtMYB305 was expressed specifically in the roots of Arabidopsis.

Characterization and pilot functional study of a rootspecific MYB transcription factor of Arabidopsis

The title compound, C17H13NO3, a coumarin analog prepared from (E)-methyl 4-(4-methoxy­phenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate and 2-amino­phenol, has a planar conformation. Aromatic π-stacking interactions and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal structure.

3-(4-Methoxy­styryl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-one

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have demonstrated superiority in learning patterns, but are sensitive to label noises and may overﬁt noisy labels during training. The early stopping strategy averts updating CNNs during the early training phase and is widely employed in the presence of noisy labels. Motivated by biological ﬁnd-ings that the amplitude spectrum (AS) and phase spectrum (PS) in the frequency domain play different roles in the an-imal’s vision system, we observe that PS, which captures more semantic information, can increase the robustness of DNNs to label noise, more so than AS can. We thus propose early stops at different times for AS and PS by disentangling the features of some layer(s) into AS and PS using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) during training. Our proposed Phase-AmplituDe DisentangLed Early Stopping (PADDLES) method is shown to be effective on both synthetic and real-world label-noise datasets. PADDLES outperforms other early stopping methods and obtains state-of-the-art performance 1 .

PADDLES: Phase-Amplitude Spectrum Disentangled Early Stopping for Learning with Noisy Labels

A nitrogen doping strategy is often adopted to improve the superconductivity of Mo2C for raising the Fermi surface, yet it is difficult to prepare Mo2C with high nitrogen content. The highest doping content in the literature is only 1.36%, plus the preparation process is complex. In this work, a series of Mo2C1−xNx solid solutions (x ≤ 0.57) was prepared by simple solid-state reaction. The structure of Mo2C is unchanged after nitrogen doping. The unit cell parameters changed with anisotropy. A change in superconductivity of Mo2C has been observed. Its superconducting critical temperature (Tc) is increased from 5.5 K to 7.9 K.

Dong Wang

Papers

RSA: Reducing Semantic Shift from Aggressive Augmentations for Self-supervised Learning

Characterization and pilot functional study of a rootspecific MYB transcription factor of Arabidopsis

3-(4-Methoxystyryl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-one

PADDLES: Phase-Amplitude Spectrum Disentangled Early Stopping for Learning with Noisy Labels

One-step synthesis of nitrogen-rich Mo2C1−xNx solid solution with enhanced superconductivity

Dong Wang

Papers

RSA: Reducing Semantic Shift from Aggressive Augmentations for Self-supervised Learning

Characterization and pilot functional study of a rootspecific MYB transcription factor of Arabidopsis

3-(4-Methoxy­styryl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-one

PADDLES: Phase-Amplitude Spectrum Disentangled Early Stopping for Learning with Noisy Labels

One-step synthesis of nitrogen-rich Mo2C1−xNx solid solution with enhanced superconductivity

3-(4-Methoxystyryl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-one