Franck Prugnolle

TL;DR: The review aims to put current knowledge of Leishmania and the leishmaniases in perspective and to underline priority questions which 'leishmaniacs' must answer in various domains: epidemiology, population genetics, taxonomy and pathogenicity.

TL;DR: The present work builds on a systematic review of the available data in order to highlight the strong link existing between the impact of human activities on natural habitats and the carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria by wildlife and to suggest research pathways that should be followed if the authors aim to fill the gaps in current knowledge.

TL;DR: The striking geographic patterns of isolation by distance observed in P. falciparum point to a joint sub-Saharan African origin between the parasite and its host and support that anatomically modern humans were infected prior to their exit out of Africa and carried the parasite along during their colonization of the world.

TL;DR: The estimates of divergence time between the South American populations and their likely sources favor a likely introduction from Africa during the transatlantic slave trade, and Phylogenetic analyses, as well as Approximate Bayesian Computation methods suggest independent introductions of the two clusters from African sources.

TL;DR: The presence of carbapenem‐resistant Escherichia coli in gulls from southern France is identified and the need to develop more bridges between studies focusing on wildlife and humans in order to improve knowledge of resistant bacteria transmission routes is highlighted.