Jeremiah P. Ostriker

TL;DR: The Fifth Data Release (DR5) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) was released in 2005 June and represents the completion of the SDSS-I project as mentioned in this paper, which includes five-band photometric data for 217 million objects selected over 8000 deg 2 and 1,048,960 spectra of galaxies, quasars, and stars selected from 5713 deg 2 of imaging data.

TL;DR: The cosmic triangle as discussed by the authors is a way of representing the past, present and future status of the universe and its current location within the cosmic triangle is determined by the answers to three questions: How much matter is in the universe? Is the expansion rate slowing down or speeding up? And, is the universe flat?

TL;DR: In this paper, high-resolution re-simulations of 39 individual galaxies in a full cosmological context with present-day virial halo masses ranging from 7 × 1011 M ǫ h −1 M vir 2.7 × 1013 M Ω h − 1 (h = 0.72) and central galaxy masses between 4.5 × 1010 M  h -1 M * 3.6 × 101 1 M Ã h − 3 (h= 0.6) were presented.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that there remains a wide range of cosmological models in good concordance with these constraints, and they point to models in which the matter density of the universe falls well below the critical energy density required to halt its expansion.