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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

In this paper, a basic cell for low-power and/or low-voltage operation is identified. It is evidenced how different versions of this cell, coined as "flipped voltage follower (FVF)" have been used in the past for many applications. A detailed classification of basic topologies derived from the FVF is given. In addition, a comprehensive list of recently proposed low-voltage/low-power CMOS circuits based on the FVF is given. Although the paper has a tutorial taste, some new applications of the FVF are also presented and supported by a set of simulated and experimental results. Finally, a design example showing the application of the FVF to build systems based on translinear loops is described which shows the potential of this cell for the design of high-performance low-power/low-voltage analog and mixed-signal circuits.

The flipped voltage follower: a useful cell for low-voltage low-power circuit design

This paper presents a fully integrated programmable biomedical sensor interface chip dedicated to the processing of various types of biomedical signals. The chip, optimized for high power efficiency, contains a low noise amplifier, a tunable bandpass filter, a programmable gain stage, and a successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter. A novel balanced tunable pseudo-resistor is proposed to achieve low signal distortion and high dynamic range under low voltage operations. A 53 nW, 30 kHz relaxation oscillator is included on-chip for low power consumption and full integration. The design was fabricated in a 0.35 mum standard CMOS process and tested at 1 V supply. The analog front-end has measured frequency response from 4.5 mHz to 292 Hz, programmable gains from 45.6 dB to 60 dB, input referred noise of 2.5 muVrms in the amplifier bandwidth, a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 3.26, and a low distortion of less than 0.6% with full voltage swing at the ADC input. The system consumes 445 nA in the 31 Hz narrowband mode for heart rate detection and 895 nA in the 292 Hz wideband mode for ECG recording.

A 1-V 450-nW Fully Integrated Programmable Biomedical Sensor Interface Chip

Analog signal processing is fast and can address real world problems. The applications of battery powered analog and mixed mode electronic devices require designing analog circuits to operate at low voltage levels. In this paper, some of the issues facing analog designers in implementing low voltage circuits are discussed, and possible low voltage design techniques are examined. The authors describe briefly almost all low voltage design techniques suitable for analog circuit structures along with their merits and demerits.

Low voltage analog circuit design techniques

In this paper a new basic cell for low-power and/or low-voltage operation is identified. It is shown that different versions of this cell, called "flipped voltage follower", have been used in the past for different applications. New circuits using this cell are also proposed here.

A simple modification to a conventional single-stage OTA based on the combined use of local common-mode feedback and very efficient class AB input stages leads to three proposals for class AB amplifier topologies. They operate at low voltage and feature very low static power consumption, bandwidth enhancement, and very high slew rate. Measurement results in a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS technology confirm the mentioned improvements.

A novel family of low-voltage very low power super class AB OTAs with significantly enhanced slew rate and bandwidth

A compact, versatile and very high speed approach for waveform generation is introduced. It generates triangle and square waveforms. The VCO has a very wide range of oscillating frequencies (from fractions of Hz to 100 MHz in 0.5 mum CMOS technology). The amplitude of the oscillations can be very precisely controlled. It can be used in frequency, amplitude, and pulse width modulation applications as well as in accurate piecewise linear waveform synthesis.

Versatile multidecade CMOS voltage controlled oscillator with accurate amplitude and PWM control

A novel technique to implement class AB differential amplifier input stages is proposed. It is based on the use of Winner-Take-All circuits for achieving dynamic current boosting, and is well suited for low-voltage operation. Experimental measurements of an OTA using this technique, fabricated in a 0.5-?m CMOS technology, show a slew rate of 92 V/?s for an 80-pF load and 120 ?W of static power consumption.

Winner-Take-All Class AB Input Stage

In this paper, a silicon compiler for analog fuzzy controllers is presented. The layout is automatically generated automatically, starting from a set of user specificationssuch as number of rules, number of inputs and maximum current (power consumption). This tool relies on a library of parametrizable basic cells designed in a CMOS 0.7 m technology.The structure of the defuzzificationpart of the controller is based on the modular definiton made in [1]. This structure allows multi–input, multi–output fuzzy logic based controllers. It also a allows an easy extension of the controller (Serial or parallel conection of them to obtain controllers with more inputs or rules).

Automatic synthesis of analog fuzzy controllers

A CMOS highly linear voltage-controlled transconductor suitable for Gm-C filter design is presented. The control loop to program the transconductance maintains the input transistors in triode region with a compact topology. Measurement results for the transconductor fabricated in a 0.5-μm CMOS technology feature a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 72 dB for 1 Vpp differential inputs at 1 MHz. The voltage to current converter ensures a high linearity level for a wide transconductance range. Functionality of the transconductor is shown in a fifth-order Gm-C tunable complex filter well suited for a dual-mode Bluetooth/Zigbee transceiver.

Ramon G. Carvajal

Papers

A novel family of low-voltage very low power super class AB OTAs with significantly enhanced slew rate and bandwidth

Versatile multidecade CMOS voltage controlled oscillator with accurate amplitude and PWM control

Winner-Take-All Class AB Input Stage

Automatic synthesis of analog fuzzy controllers

A linear compact tunable transconductor for Gm-C applications