다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g −)(v=2, N=2)←X(3Σg −) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and ...

Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

Primary processes and energy disposal in the reaction of S(1D) atoms with thiirane

The ion-pair photodissociation R+ + X- (R = CH3, C2H5 and X = Cl, Br) from their respective alkyl halides has been studied using ion photofragment imaging spectroscopy at 118.27 nm. From the struct...

Ion Fragment Imaging of the Ion-Pair Photodissociation of CH3Cl, CH3Br, C2H5Cl, and C2H5Br at 118 nm

Using a laser‐induced fluorescence technique, SiH radicals were detected in the rf glow discharge of SiH4 gas during CVD of amorphous silicon. The pressure, flow rate, and rf power dependencies of the relative concentration of SiH radicals were obtained. The spatial distribution of SiH radicals between rf and ground electrodes was also revealed. It was found that the behaviors of the concentration of SiH in the ground electronic state are different from those of SiH in the excited state. The latter was obtained from measurement of the spontaneous emission in the discharge. The rotational temperature of SiH radicals was derived from the laser excitation spectra with computer simulations. The obtained temperature reflects the translational temperature of the parent molecules (SiH4). The rotational energies of SiH radicals in the discharge are thermalized with surroundings by collisions during their lifetimes.

Laser diagnostics of a silane plasma—SiH radicals in an a‐Si:H chemical vapor deposition system

The method of velocity map imaging is used to investigate the photoinduced dynamics of iodobenzene in weak laser fields as well as in fields of sufficient intensity to produce multiphoton excitation without dressing the potential energy surfaces. The speed and angular distributions of the recoiling iodine atoms observed with weak fields at 266 and 304 nm are in good agreement with previous studies, showing evidence of dissociation via n,σ* and π,π* states. Density functional theory calculations are used to determine the energies of the excited states. Ion and electron images produced with intense visible radiation (532−609 nm, 3 × 1010 to 5 × 1012 W/cm2) show both two-photon threshold dissociation and higher order (four- to seven-photon) ionization processes. A unique characteristic of the I+ images obtained with intense visible radiation is a continuous, hourglass-shaped feature peaked at zero kinetic energy, displaying highly nonstatistical speed and angular distributions. A mechanism that is consistent...

Above-Threshold Effects in the Photodissociation and Photoionization of Iodobenzene†

The O(2p 3Pj) (j=2, 1, and 0) fragments produced in the 157 nm photodissociation of CO2 were detected by resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization in a molecular beam. The Doppler profiles and fine‐structure branching ratios were measured for the oxygen‐atom photofragment in the 3Pj states. The Doppler profiles were analyzed to give an anisotropy parameter of β=2.0±0.2 and an internal energy equivalent to 3.9±0.3 vibrational quanta of CO. The fine‐structure populations were found to be 0.70±0.05, 0.16±0.03, and 0.14±0.03 (with error bars of ±σ) for j=2, 1, and 0, respectively. A mechanism is proposed in which complex on the 1B2 surface undergoes intersystem crossing to the 3B2 surface. A phase‐space model with a constraint on the impact parameter is shown to be consistent with the observed energy release. The nonstatistical fine‐structure population could be caused by long‐range interactions on the triplet surface. In a bulb experiment, O(3P) was produced by quenching of O(1D). The fine‐structure populati...

Yutaka Matsumi

Papers

Primary processes and energy disposal in the reaction of S(1D) atoms with thiirane

Ion Fragment Imaging of the Ion-Pair Photodissociation of CH3Cl, CH3Br, C2H5Cl, and C2H5Br at 118 nm

Laser diagnostics of a silane plasma—SiH radicals in an a‐Si:H chemical vapor deposition system

Above-Threshold Effects in the Photodissociation and Photoionization of Iodobenzene†

Doppler profiles and fine‐structure branching ratios of O(3Pj) from photodissociation of carbon dioxide at 157 nm