다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g −)(v=2, N=2)←X(3Σg −) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and ...

Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

A new polar nephelometer (PN) has been developed to measure simultaneously the scattering angular distributions from 11.7° to 168.3° for individual particles in planes parallel and perpendicular to the polarization of the incident laser beam. Each detection plane had 21 silicon photodiode detectors to detect scattered light at a rate of 100 Hz. Laboratory experiments to validate the performance of the instrument were conducted using nearly mono-disperse spherical particles (polystyrene latex [PSL] and nigrosine) and nonspherical particles (sodium chloride [NaCl] and soot). The observed scattering angular distributions for individual PSL particles were in good agreement with the results of simulations based on Mie theory. Complex refractive index values for nigrosine particles were determined by comparing the observed scattering angular distributions with the results of simulations. Clear differences between the measured scattering angular distributions and the results of simulations based on Mie t...

Design and characterization of a novel single-particle polar nephelometer

ClO radicals are detected by a laser‐induced fluorescence technique, using the C 2Σ–X 2Π transition with a tunable vacuum ultraviolet laser system. Predissociation in the C 2Σ state is discussed in terms of the fluorescence lifetime and excitation spectra. The vibrational distribution of ClO produced by the reaction between O1D and HCl is measured.

Laser‐induced fluorescence detection of ClO radicals at 167–180 nm

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2015JD024636

Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles and CCN activity of nearly hydrophobic particles in the urban atmosphere over Japan during summer

The kinetics and products of the OH and NO2-initiated oxidation of cyclohexa-1,3-diene have been investigated at 296 K and 700 Torr using long path FTIR spectroscopy. Relative rate methods were employed using the photolysis of cyclohexa-1,3-diene/CH3ONO/NO/air mixtures to measure kappa(OH + cyclohexa-1,3-diene) = (1.68 +/- 0.43) x 10(-10) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). From the pseudo-first order decay of cyclohexa-1,3-diene in the presence of excess NO2, a value of kappa(NO2 + cyclohexa-1,3-diene) = (1.75 +/- 0.15) x 10(-18) cm3 molecule)-1) s(-1) was derived. An upper limit of kappa < or = 7 x 10(-21) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) was established for the reaction of NO with cyclohexa-1,3-diene. Benzene was observed as a product of both the OH and NO2 initiated oxidation, providing evidence of H atom abstraction in both reactions. Assuming the reaction of cyclohexadienyl radicals (C6H7) with O2 produces benzene as the sole organic product, the results are consistent with abstraction channel branching ratios of (8.1 +/- 0.2)% and (1.5 +/- 0.4)%, respectively. The results also indicate that C6H7 reacts with NO2, with a relative rate coefficient kappa(C6H7 + NO2)/kappa(C6H7 +O2) = (1.8 +/- 0.5) x 10(5), and that this partially forms benzene, with a branching ratio of (27 +/- 7)%. The stoichiometry and products of the NO2 reaction were investigated in the absence of O2, in the presence of O2, and in the presence of O2 and NO. Reaction mechanisms consistent with the observations are presented. In the presence of NO and O2, the NO2-initiated chemistry leads to NO-to-NO2 conversion, and the formation of HOx radicals in significant yield, (0.79 +/- 0.05), such that cyclohexa-1,3-diene removal occurs by reaction with both NO2 and OH. HCOOH was detected as a product in this system, providing evidence for significant formation of stabilised C6 alpha-hydroxyperoxy radicals from the OH-initiated chemistry, and their subsequent reaction with NO. An estimate of ca. 500-1000 s(-1) is made for their decomposition rate, based on the [NO]-dependence of the HCOOH yields. The implications of the results are discussed within the context of the atmospheric chemistry of conjugated dienes.

A kinetics and mechanistic study of the OH and NO2 initiated oxidation of cyclohexa-1,3-diene in the gas phase

Photoabsorption and fluorescence excitation spectra of CHFCl2 and CHFBr2 were measured in the wavelength region 106–200 nm using synchrotron radiation as a light source. The Rydberg excitations of the outer shell orbitals are discussed. The He(i) photoelectron spectrum of CHFBr2 was first measured. Diffuse emission band of CHF(A 1A‘→X 1A’) was observed in the 350–700 nm region, in which the 2n0 (n=0–4) vibrational progression and 201 transition were identified. The CClF(A 1A‘) radical was produced together with CHF(A 1A‘) in the photodecomposition of CHFCl2. The radiative lifetimes of the A 1A‘ states of CHF and CClF were determined to be 2.57±0.16 μs and 644±15 ns, respectively. In the photolysis of CHFCl2 fluorescence starts at 155 nm and shows a maximum quantum yield Φ=0.22 at 107.5 nm, while the CHFBr2 excitation gives a maximum of Φ=0.016 at 117.5 nm.

Yutaka Matsumi

Papers

Design and characterization of a novel single-particle polar nephelometer

Laser‐induced fluorescence detection of ClO radicals at 167–180 nm

Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles and CCN activity of nearly hydrophobic particles in the urban atmosphere over Japan during summer

A kinetics and mechanistic study of the OH and NO2 initiated oxidation of cyclohexa-1,3-diene in the gas phase

Vacuum ultraviolet photochemistry of CHFCl2 and CHFBr2. Absorption spectra and CHF(Ã 1A″) radical formation