다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g −)(v=2, N=2)←X(3Σg −) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and ...

Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

Two different techniques, vacuum ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (VUV-LIF) spectroscopy and two-dimensional (2D) ion counting product imaging, have been used to determine the bond energy for the dissociation of jet-cooled O3 into O(1D)+O2(a 1Δg). The photofragment excitation (PHOFEX) spectrum for O(1D) products is recorded by detecting the VUV-LIF signal associated with the 3s 1D0–2p 1D transition at 115.22 nm while scanning the photolysis laser wavelength between 305 and 313 nm. A clear cut-off corresponding to the appearance threshold into O(1D)+O2(a 1Δg) is observed in this PHOFEX spectrum. The 2D image of the O(1D) products from the O3 photolysis near 305 nm is measured using an ion-counting method, with the detection of O(1D) atoms by [2+1] resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) at 205.47 nm. The kinetic-energy distribution obtained from the 2D image shows rotational structure due to the O2(a 1Δg,v″=0) fragment. The bond energy into O(1D)+O2(a 1Δg) has been obtained from the rotatio...

Determination of the heat of formation of O3 using vacuum ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and two-dimensional product imaging techniques

Using a laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, SiF2 and CF2 radicals are detected during the downstream etching of silicon with a discharge of CF4 gas. It is confirmed that SiF2 radical is desorbed from the surface in the etching of silicon by fluorine atom. Addition of O2 gas to the CF4 discharge enhances the LIF intensity of SiF2 radical and extinguishes that of CF2. Mechanism of the increase of etching rate of silicon by addition of O2 is discussed on the basis of the results of LIF measurements. The etching rate of silicon is proportional to the LIF intensity of SiF2, when the microwave power of the discharge is changed. The relationship between the intensity of chemiluminescent continuum and the concentration of SiF2 is revealed, which suggests that the chemiluminescence is attributed to the emission of SiF*3 which is produced by the reaction between SiF2 and fluorine atoms in the gas phase. There is no signal of SiF2 during the etching of either SiO2 or SiNx.

Laser‐induced fluorescence study of silicon etching process: Detection of SiF2 and CF2 radicals

O(1D) and O(3Pj) photofragments produced in the photodissociation of ozone in the wavelength range 305–329 nm both at 295 and 227 K have been detected directly using a technique of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) in the vacuum ultraviolet (vuv). Photofragment excitation (PHOFEX) spectra for both species have been measured by scanning the photodissociation laser wavelength whilst monitoring vuv-LIF at 115 nm [O(1D)] and 130 nm [O(3Pj)]. After applying suitable corrections for the relative detection sensitivities, suitably weighted combinations of these PHOFEX spectra were found to provide a quantitative match to the parent O3 absorption spectrum both at 295 and 227 K, thereby providing a method of determining both the wavelength and temperature dependence of the absolute O(1D) quantum yield, Φ1D(λ,T). Hot band excitation of internally excited O3 molecules and dissociation via the spin-allowed channel yielding O(1D)+O2(a 1Δg) products makes the dominant contribution to the quantum yield Φ1D(λ,T) in the wav...

Wavelength and temperature dependence of the absolute O(1D) production yield from the 305–329 nm photodissociation of ozone

The photofragment excitation spectra for O(1D) production from the 317–327 nm photolysis of ozone under supersonic free‐jet and low‐temperature flow conditions show structure superimposed on an underlying continuum. Doppler profiles of the nascent O(1D) photofragments confirm that the O(1D) formed by photolysis at the wavelengths of the peaks in the photofragment excitation spectrum arises from the hitherto unobserved spin‐forbidden predissociation to O(1D)+O2(X 3Σg−) products.

Observation of the spin-forbidden O(1D) + O2(X3Σg-) channel in the 317-327 nm photolysis of ozone

Bimolecular rate constants for the reaction of ground-state Cl(2P3/2) atoms and for quenching of excited spin−orbit state Cl*(2P1/2) atoms in collisions with CH4, CD4, and CH2D2 have been measured ...

Yutaka Matsumi

Papers

Determination of the heat of formation of O3 using vacuum ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and two-dimensional product imaging techniques

Laser‐induced fluorescence study of silicon etching process: Detection of SiF2 and CF2 radicals

Wavelength and temperature dependence of the absolute O(1D) production yield from the 305–329 nm photodissociation of ozone

Observation of the spin-forbidden O(1D) + O2(X3Σg-) channel in the 317-327 nm photolysis of ozone

Reaction and Quenching of Cl(2Pj) Atoms in Collisions with Methane and Deuterated Methanes